The Biochemical Evaluation of Aquaculture Nile Tilapia

Muscle Tissue in Condition of Some Phytobiotics

Administered in Feed

Alina ANTACHE, Victor CRISTEA, Lorena DEDIU, Iulia GRECU, Ștefan

Mihai PETREA, Alexandru-Cristian BANDI

Cluj-Napoca, 25-27 September 2014

The Biochemical Evaluation of Aquaculture Nile Tilapia Muscle Tissue in
Condition of Some Phytobiotics Administered in Feed

CONTENT

Introduction
Material and methods

Results and discutions

Conclusions

References
Introduction

 Fish meat represents a main source of food, with high nutritional value, used in
human diet.
 The nutritional value is given by the rich content of nutrients as well as protein,
essential amino acids, in particular lysine, methionine and cysteine, lipids - fatty
acids such as omega, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals (Ćirković et al., 2002;
Ferraz de Arruda et al., 2006; Sandor et al., 2011).

 Recent research shows that fish meat composition appears to be largely influenced
by feeding management and feed composition, but it is influenced, among others, by
age and environmental conditions (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity, etc).

 Phytobiotics are herbal plants or derived from plants which contain a wide range of
natural bioactive compounds. In recent years, increased the phytobiotics
administration in feed of different animal species.
 The aim of this research was to evaluate the influence of rosemary, sea buckthorn
and ginger on biochemical composition of Oreochromis niloticus muscle tissue,
reared in an intensive recirculating aquaculture system conditions.
Material and methods

Experimental period: 14 weeks, from 17.08.2012 to 27.11.2012.

Composition Quantity
Biological material used: a total number of 168 Nile Protein % 38
tilapia, with an initial average weight of 280.07±54.03 Water % 10
g/fish were randomly distributed in 4 rearing units. Fat % 7
Ash % 10
Cellulose 4
During the experiment, the sampling for biochemical Total Ca 1.6
analysis of muscle tissue was performed at the Total P 1.2
beginning of the experiment (17.08.2012), on Total Na 0.2
intermediary moment (28.09.2012) and at the end Vitamin A (IU/kg) 15000
of the experiment (27.11.2012). Vitamin D (IU/kg) 2500
Vitamin E (mg/kg) 90
Vitamin C (mg/kg) 200
Food management: Lysine % 2.3
feeding intensity: 2% BW/day; Methionine+Cysteine % 1.2
feeding frequency: four times/day, administered at Ingredients: fish meal, soybean
09:00, 12:00, 15:00, 18:00; protein content, corn, wheat.
food administered: pelleted feed SOPROFISH 38/7. The biochemical composition of SOPROFISH
38/7 pelleted feed
Material and methods
Experimental variants:

 V1 – control;
 V2 – 1% rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis)/kg feed;
 V3 – 1% sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides)/kg feed;
 V4 – 1% ginger (Zingiber officinale)/kg feed.

Recirculating system design

Material and methods
The determination of biochemical composition from Nile tilapia muscle tissue was
made from fresh meat.
The proximate composition of meat was carried out using the Association of
Analytical Chemists methods:

 protein content

 fat content,

 ash,

 dry matter,

 moisture.

The technological indicators of fish rearing in those are involved the biochemical
composition of fish muscle tissue are: retained protein (RP), protein efficiency ratio
(PER), protein utilization efficiency (PUE) and retained lipids (RL).
The data were statistically analyzed using SPSS Statistics 20.0 program
for Windows and the results are presented as mean±standard error.
Results and discutions

 During the experiment, the physico-chemical parameters of technological water were

situated into normal range for optimal growth:

N-NO2 N-NO3 N-NH4 DO T

Parameter pH
(mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (°C)

M±St. D. 0.16±0.06 176.89±57.24 0.16±0.09 7.56±0.20 7.66±1.36 26.87±0.29

min-max 0.02-0.26 92.80-281.00 0.05-0.38 7.33-8.12 5.83-9.38 26.00-27.20

 During the experiment, the average individual weight (g/fish) registered the following
values:
Initial (17.08.2012)
280.07±54.03
V1 V2 V3 V4

Intermediar (28.09.2012)
455.43±89.17 446.00±73.95 466.26±65.33 461.48±71.76

Final (27.11.2012)
596.68±115.19 588.83±91.75 619.45±84.87 616.43±104.71
 Results and discutions
The results of meat biochemical composition analysis, showed significant differences
(p<0.05) in statistical terms, between initial and intermediary moment in terms of protein
(p=0.046), fat (p=0.002), moisture (p=0.016) and dry matter percentage (p=0.001).

At the end of the intermediary stage

(28.09.2012), between the
experimental variants were recorded
significant differences (p<0.05) also at
the level of protein (p=0.000), fat
(p=0.016), moisture (p=0.024) and dry
matter percentage content (p=0.007).

The protein content from the tissue

samples ranged from 12.52% to
13.11%.

The highest value of moisture was

registered in V3 variant and the lowest
Note: Vi-initial moment; V1-control; V2-1%rosemary/kg feed; V3-1%sea buckthorn/kg in V4(ginger).
feed; V4-1%ginger/kg feed

The biochemical composition of Oreochromis niloticus

meat, fed with several phytobiotics (intermediary stage –
28.09.2012)
 Results and discutions
Concerning fat content, the lowest value was registered in V3 (1.22±0.02%) and the highest
was reported in V1 (1.62±0.08%).
At the level of ash percentage were not
recorded significant differences
(p˃0.05; p=0.663) between the
experimental variants. The highest
value of ash content was recorded in
V1 variant – 1.35±0.04% and the
lowest in V4 variant – 1.27±0.03%.

In terms of dry matter (%), between

experimental variants were recorded
significant differences (p˂0.05;
p=0.007).
The lowest value were registered in V3
and the highest in V1 variant.

Note: Vi-initial moment; V1-control; V2-1%rosemary/kg feed; V3-1%sea buckthorn/kg

feed; V4-1%ginger/kg feed

The biochemical composition of Oreochromis niloticus

meat, fed with several phytobiotics (intermediary stage –
28.09.2012)
 Results and discutions
At the end of the experiment between the
experimental variants were significant
differences (p˂0.05) only at the protein
(p=0.003) and moisture content (p=0.000).
Comparing the values ​obtained at the
beginning of the experiment (Vi) and at the
intermediary stage (28.09.2012) were
recorded significant differences (p˂0.05) at the
fat (p=0.012-0.004), protein (p=0.007-0.000)
and moisture content (p=0.002-0.000).

In terms of dry matter (%), at the end of the

experiment there were not registered
significant differences (p˃0.05) between the
experimental variants (p=0.468), and neither
between initial value, intermediary and final
values​​(p=0.131).

The biochemical composition of Oreochromis

niloticus meat, fed with several phytobiotics during
the experiment
Results and discutions

In this table are presented the values of the main biochemical parameters, of
Nile tilapia meat, reported by different authors.
 References Moisture % Protein % Fat % Ash %

Gaber, 2000 78,9±0,5 16,6±0,5 2,75±0,16 2,6±0,2

15.18 ±
Agbo, 2008 73.69 ± 0.41 6.43 ± 0.14 4.16 ± 0.05
0.21
Kumar et al., 2011 73,6±2,0 17,3±0,5 5,6±1,2 3±1,1

Suleiman and James, 2011 74,08±3,08 21,05±0,64 7,32±0,17 2,98±0,36

Bag et al., 2012 75.50±1.21 13.36±0.20 4.60±0.05 5.10±0.06

Bozaoglu and Bilguven, 2012 80,06±0,11 13,62±0,21 2,47±0,27 2,06±0,12

Hernández-Sánchez and
72-80 13-25 0,79-8,5 0,5-1,5
Aguilera-Morales, 2012
Mabroke et al., 2013 74,49±0,3 16,37±1,0 1,16±0,1 7,92±1,1
 Results and discutions

The lowest values of retained fat was obtained in

V3, but also in V1 variant.

The retained proteins shows lower values ​in V3

and V4 variant, the protein efficiency ratio (PER-g/g) ​
recorded during the experiment the best values especially
in V3, respectively in V4 variant compared to the results
obtained in V2 and V1 variant.

Even though was obtained a greater quantity of

retained protein (RP-g/fish) in V2 variant can see that
ingested proteins was not effectively used to enhance
growth rate of biomass.
Therefore, the proteins utilization efficiency
(PUE-%) has been higher in V3, but also in V4, fact
confirmed by obtaining a higher biomass growth than
in V1 and V2 variant.
Conclusions
If in case of rosemary and ginger administration the results showed a fluctuation
depending on the duration of phytobiotics administration, in case of sea buckthorn (V3)
the results revealed the same trend in terms of fat (%), moisture (%) and dry matter (%)
content from Nile tilapia meat, both the after 6 weeks as well as after 14 week
administration.
Regarding the protein (%) and ash (%) content, in V3 (sea buckthorn) the values registered ​were
better after 6 weeks of administration than those obtained at the end of the experiment (after 14
weeks).

During the experiment can be seen that the ginger administration led to a reduction in moisture
(%) and an increase in proteins (%) content of meat after 6 weeks compared to the other
experimental variants. But this aspect can not be affirmed after 14 weeks.

Regarding the rosemary administration may notice an improvement in biochemical composition of

Nil tilapia meat after 14 weeks of administration. This shows that for obtaining a positive changes in
biochemical composition from Nile tilapia meat the 1% rosemary/kg feed administration should be
done over a longer period or to establish a different concentration of administration. Perhaps the
concentration used was lower or higher.

In conclusion, for obtaining the expected results the sea buckthorn, and even ginger
administration in 1% concentration must be achieved in a shorter duration of time (in our case 6
weeks).
 The work of Alina Antache and Stefan Mihai Petrea has been
funded by the Sectoral Operational Programme Human Resources
Development 2007-2013 of the Ministry of European Funds through the
Financial Agreement POSDRU/159/1.5/S/132397 – ExcelDOC.