See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/330196080

8. Pontic shad (Alosa immaculata) migrating upstream the Danube river and
larval drift downstream to the Black Sea in 2016

Article · January 2019

DOI: 10.7427/DDI.23.08

CITATION READS

1 146

4 authors:

Aurel Năstase Tiganov George

Danube Delta National Institute for Research and Development (DDNIRD) National Institute for Marine Research "Grigore Antipa"
36 PUBLICATIONS   56 CITATIONS    24 PUBLICATIONS   44 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Cernisencu Irina Ion Navodaru

Danube Delta National Institute for Research and Development (DDNIRD) Danube Delta National Institute for Research and Development (DDNIRD)
5 PUBLICATIONS   42 CITATIONS    41 PUBLICATIONS   502 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Nucleus Programs "Danube Delta" View project

GREEN DANUBE - Integrated transnational policies and practical solutions for an environmentally-friendly Inland Water Transport system in the Danube region View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Aurel Năstase on 07 January 2019.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Scientific Annals of the Danube Delta Institute Tulcea, Romania
vol. 23 2018

pp. 57-68 https://doi.org/10.7427/DDI.23.08

8.
Pontic shad (Alosa immaculata) migrating upstream the Danube river and
larval drift downstream to the Black Sea in 2016

NĂSTASE Aurel*, NĂVODARU Ion, CERNIȘENCU Irina, ȚIGANOV George, POPA Lionte

Danube Delta National Institute for Research and Development: 165 Babadag street, Tulcea - 820112,
Romania; e-mail: office@ddni.ro
*Address of author responsible for correspondence: Danube Delta National Institute for Research and
Development: 165 Babadag street, Tulcea - 820112, Romania; e-mail: aurel.nastase@ddni.ro

A
bstract: The genus Alosa is present only in the northern hemisphere of the earth with four
species living in North America and others five in Europe, from which Pontic shad (Alosa
immaculata) is subject of present study. Migration of shad depends of the environmental drivers
such as increasing spring water temperature and river flooding. In 2016, both factors favoured an
earlier start of shad migration in February with peak of spawning run in April, and ended in mid of May.
Afterwards the size of catches and market demands no longer motivated fishermen to fish and sell
Pontic shads. The 2016 catch of 386 t fitted in the multiannual 10-11 years cyclical catches.
Reproduction success was estimated by Larval Abundance Index (LAI) standardized as Catch per
Unit Effort (CPUE) by number of larvae per 100 m3 filtered water volume. Relative abundance of
drifting larvae in 2016 compared with other 6 previously years showed that average LAI varied widely
(2-1,252 larvae per 100 m3) with an average of 84 larvae/100 m3 which was ranked in regular
reproductive success.

Keywords: Danube River, Pontic shad, adult’s migration, larva drifting in 2016

INTRODUCTION

Pontic shad is an important species in ecological system Lower Danube-Danube Delta-Black Sea with
a high economic value due to large quantities fished and gustatory qualities appreciated by the people
of the Lower Danube (Năvodaru 1997).
Knowledge of the species biology and stock exploitation contributes to ensuring valuable information
for species conservation and fishery management.
Developing of life cycle stages in two environments (freshwater and marine), located at large
distances in different time periods, requires updating of knowledge especially on the impact of new
environmental conditions on the shad population (Năvodaru 1996).
The knowledge of adult migration for spawning and return of juveniles into the sea under the pressure
of environmental factors can be used developing fishery management tactics. Fisheries management
is achieved by integrating three key compartments species-environment-exploitation (Năvodaru &
Năstase, 2014).
Spawning migration of Pontic shad occurs from south to north along the Black Sea coast of Bulgaria
and Romania to the Danube River mouths. In the past reproductive shad migrated upriver to 1000 km
(Teodorescu-Leonte et al. 1957), currently migration is restricted up to the Iron Gates II hydropower
station dams (863.55 km). Migration starts in spring (February-March) at a water temperature of 5-6°C
or even as low as 3°C (Năvodaru 1997) is highest in April at 9-13°C and extends until August at 22°C
(Pavlov 1953) or up to 26°C (Năvodaru 1998).
Shads (Alosa sp.), in terms of the conservation status is classified in IUCN Red List as Vulnerable VU
category B2ab (v) (Froese and Pauly 2017); Berne Convention in Annex III (European animals
protected); Red List of Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve as "nt" (not threatened), as sub-endemic
exceeding the border of Romania (e3) frequent and abundant (Oțel et al. 2000); Red List of European
freshwater fish in Europe category VU, EN for EU 27 (Freyhof & Brook 2011).
Shad is listed and protected by the following regulations EU and RO in Habitats Directive 92/43 EEC
(*****, 1992 updated in 2007) in Annex II - plant and animal species of community interest whose
conservation requires the designation of special areas of conservation (SCI), Annex V - plant and

57 | P a g e
Scientific Annals of the Danube Delta Institute Tulcea, Romania
vol. 23 2018

animal species whose harvest from the wild may be subject to management measures; OUG 57/2007
(*****, 2007), as amended and supplemented (OUG 154/2008, Law 49/2011, *****, 2011) in Annex 3
(equivalent to Annex II of the Habitats Directive), Annex 5A (equivalent Annex V of the Habitats
Directive). Pontic or Danube Shad (A. immaculata) has a great ecological and economic importance
in the Danube Delta area and is the subject of this paper, which aims to consolidate the state-of-the-
art knowledge and to bring new data on the biology of the Danube shad from 2016’s adult shad
upstream migration and downstream larval drift.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Adults sampling
To cover shad migration time and space the commercial catch of fisheries have been sampled at the
mouth of the Danube River during the migratory season. The shads were measured with ichtiometer
at a precision of 1 mm (total length = TL and standard length = SL), weighed to an accuracy of 1 g
scale (TW), and for age determination from 50-100 individuals 10-20 scales were collected from the
body between lateral line and dorsal fin. Each individual was assessed for its maturation degree of the
gonads by direct observation by the VI scale steps (Gheracopol & Selin 1966).
Age was determined by reading the annual growth rings on scales using binocular microscope with a
magnification of 1x10 (Ciugunova 1959, Vibert & Lagler 1961, Gheracopol & Selin 1966, Tesch 1968,
Yilmaz & Polat 2002).
Hydrometeorological data on water level and temperature at Tulcea town were taken from Danube
River Administration of the Lower Danube which records such data daily in all Romanian Danube
stations. Data on catch statistics for shad in the Danube Delta have been taken from the fisheries
administration, namely the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve Authority and National Agency for
Fisheries and Aquaculture.
Status of “well-being”, fattening, or condition factor (K), defined as the ratio between the weight and
cube standard fish length (Nikolski 1962), that was first proposed by Fulton T. (1902), and calculated
after Ricker W.E. (1975): K = (W / L3) * 100 where: K = coefficient of Fulton; W = weight of fish body
mass; L = standard length of fish body, measured from the tip of the snout to the tail base.
Larva sampling
Shad larvae drift was sampled with ichthyoplankton net (Bongo net) (Fig. 2) in water surface layer (0-
0.5 m). The drifting in time and space has been studied at Ceatal Chilia (upstream of Ceatal – Mm 44
and downstream of Ceatal on Tulcea branch – Mm 42.5 and Chilia branch – km 115) and the mouth of
the Danube River (St. George, Sulina and Periprava localities), as described by Năvodaru (2001).

Figure 2 Schematic, dimensions and function of ichthyoplankton net (Bongo net) (after Năvodaru
1997) and photo while in function in 2016 (photo Năstase A.).

58 | P a g e
Scientific Annals of the Danube Delta Institute Tulcea, Romania
vol. 23 2018

Ichthyoplankton net (Bongo net) was towed in the river water sections with a boat with 140 HP
outboard engine against the current for 5 minutes per station. To determine the volume of water
filtered, we used a mechanical type flowmeter 2030 (*****, 1983).

With flowmeters distance, speed and volume filtered haul, haul recording time and number of
revolutions of the counter have been calculated as follows:

DISTANCE: L = [(N2 - N1) / 999999] * K

Where L = distance in meters
N1 = number of turns on the meter reading at the beginning hauling,
N2 = number of turns on the meter reading at the end hauling,
K = rotor constant = 26 873;
SPEED: V = L * 100 / T
Where V = velocity in cm / sec,
L = distance in meters
T = time in seconds;
VOLUME FILTER:
VF = [(π * D²) / 4] * L or VF = 0.0053 * (N2 - N1)

Shad larvae were counted and measured with calipers, accurate to 0.1 mm. The relative abundance
was standardized at number of individuals per 100 m³ of water filtered.
Larval development stage was determined according to the scale of Vladimirov V.I. (1953).

To study the distribution of shad larvae at Ceatal Chilia and in the two arms (Chilia and Tulcea
branches), the section of Danube River upstream of Ceatal was sampled at three stations (towards
both banks and in the middle) and Chilia and Tulcea arms, with each station diagonally, while all
mouths (St. George, Sulina and Chilia branch near Bâstroe canal) were sampled diagonally. The time
between sampling stations in the Danube River and that of the branches Tulcea and Chilia after
Ceatal Chilia was about 5 minutes which was the boat travel time required between those stations,
assuming the same flow larvae collection which escapes the river for the 5 stations near Ceatalul
Chilia. Stations at the mouth were made on the same day but at different times.

Most important parameter to estimate the relative abundance of juvenile shad is "filtered water
volume", which has been calculated and it is unaffected by water velocity and the ship's speed,
encompassing these two vectors (Năvodaru & Năstase, 2014).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Running for spawning adults

The analysis of long term shad catch statistics from Danube River (official captures from authorized
institutions) in the delta area, show a cyclicality of their maximum or minimum level by the 10-11 year
cycles (Năvodaru & Năstase 2014), in last almost 100 years (Figure 3). A possible explanation for the
higher catches in the 80’ years is that the greatest Danube river foods in 1970 and 1974 has been
determined the most productive period for all Danube delta fisheries and Black Sea coast because of
water eutrophication, by increase of nutrients in all Danube River-Danube Delta-Black Sea system.

Changing in fishery behaviour as fishing seasonality and effort towards market demands may account
for lower caches in last period, since stock estimation models do not reveal any overexploitation and
length medium size of individuals do not decrease. However, overexploitation signs appear later as a
mathematical model established for simulating the dynamics of the stocks under changing fishing
effort developed for American shad (A. sapidissima) showed that the stock collapsed 20 years after
the overexploitation started (Crecco & Savoy 1987).

59 | P a g e
Scientific Annals of the Danube Delta Institute Tulcea, Romania
vol. 23 2018

Figure 3 Cyclical evolutions of catches of Pontic shad during 1920-2016 years period

Pontic shad migration in 2016 was a typical one from the point of view of starting and running under
the oscillatory influence of environmental factors (Fig. 4).

So, first shads appear at the mouths of the Danube as scarce individuals in February when the water
temperature of the Danube River ranged between 4-5ºC and the water level rose to 200 cm. The
fishery recorded the first catches on February 15, 2016 on St. George's arm.

The first substantial catches occurred at the end of February, varying until mid-March when water
temperature rose above 8°C where the catch continuous increased, while water level increased to
over 350 cm. After mid-March the catch trend sharply increased following the rise of the water
temperature, but water level started to drop.

The peak of migration with over 233 kg/boat/day was on 1st April, somewhat earlier than usual.
However, when the water temperature had risen from 10°C to 16°C and the water level dropped below
250 cm, the catch began to decrease by mid-April to less than 1 ton per day per fishery, but less
fishermen actively fishing.

Beginning May 2016, in conjunction with Religious Easter and Prohibition shad time (April 28 - May 9,
2016) for 12 days in Sector 1, from Danube River mouths until Ceatal Chilia, the shad fishing was
almost abandoned. Immediately after prohibition time, the fishery on shads no longer motivated the
fishermen because the market demand was too low.

Following, commercial interest for shad fishing ended on 10 May 2016.

60 | P a g e
Scientific Annals of the Danube Delta Institute Tulcea, Romania
vol. 23 2018

12 days of shads
prohibitions

Figure 4 Evolution of the daily catch (kg=kilograms) from the St. George's mouth fisheries associated
with the level and temperature of the Danube River water, measured at the Tulcea hydrological station
during the migration of the Pontic shads in 2016.

The length-weight relation is an exponential function of the type y = aexpbx demonstrating an

allometric growth of the Pontic shads in 2016 (Fig. 5).

Figure 5 The length-weight relation for Pontic shads migration in 2016

61 | P a g e
Scientific Annals of the Danube Delta Institute Tulcea, Romania
vol. 23 2018

The stock of migratory breeders in 2016 was made up of 4 generations from 2 to 5 years. The stock
was dominated by generations of 3 and 4 years (Fig. 6 left). Maturity stage of Pontic shads gonads in
Danube delta is more often II, sometimes III for those which go upstream for spawning, while less than
10% of very weak shads (Bănărescu 1964) is in VI stage migrating downstream to Black Sea after
spawning trying to breed also next year (*****, 2016). Mostly individuals migrate in 2016 for first time
(over 99 %), which could be a sign for overexploitation because the percentage individuals which
spawn for 2-3 times, decreased to less than 1% (*****, 2016), with the caution that the time of
sampling influences the recorded structure of the adult migrants. Also the accuracy of the scales
readings can add uncertainties in the estimation of the repeated reproduction individuals.

The sex ratio in 2016 migration was M / F = 0.51 (Fig. 6 right). In the beginning of the migration (in
April) there were relatively the most males percentage (almost 40%), with time the percentage of
females increased (even up to 75%). The sex structure can vary depending on the seasonality,
migration period being dominated by males at the beginning of migration, being balanced to the
maximum intensity of migration and towards the end of migration dominance of the females
(Năvodaru, 1997).

Fig. 6 Age stucture (left) and sex ratio (right) percentage (%) from Pontic shads migration in 2016

The 2016 migration was made up of shads ranging from 22.7-36 cm long and 102-435 g of biomass,
respectively 28.7 cm mean total length and 236.8 g mean body weight (Tab. 1). The structure of the
size of the shads in the 2016 migration is smaller than the structure of the last 6 migrations (2009-
2014), respectively 31.2 cm medium length and 282 g individual average mass (Năvodaru and
Năstase, 2014).

62 | P a g e
Scientific Annals of the Danube Delta Institute Tulcea, Romania
vol. 23 2018

Tablel 1 Age structure, total length, and weight for 2016 shad migration

Total Length (TL) Total weight (W)

Age No. indiv. Limits Average Limits Average
2 years 1 22.7 22.7 102 102
3 years 209 25.5-35.5 30.2 124-376 263.7
4 years 80 30.3-36 30.4 215-426 265.6
5 years 2 35-35.2 35.1 368-435 300.5
Total 292 22.7-36 28.7 102-435 236.8

The Fulton index of shads had a fattening rate of 1.46. This was close to the average for 27 years
1988-2014 period, which was 1.42 (Năvodaru and Năstase, 2014), the Fulton coefficient of fattening
for the 1988-2014 migrations varied between 1.2 and 1.7 with (Fig. 7).
The state of fattening depends on food availability (density-dependent factors and in particular on food
competition in the Black Sea). The values of the Fulton coefficient ≥ 1 express a very good condition of
fish populations. Fulton coefficient for shads decreases with migration distance to the Danube River
and reproduction, due to biomass loss for the energy consumed for migration and spawning
(Năvodaru, 1997).

Fulton Coefficient (Fattening) for shad between 1988-

2016 years
2
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
Values

1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1

Years

Figure 7 Fulton coefficient (fattening) values for Pontic shads (1988 – 2016).

Larva drifting

The success of the reproduction of the shads in 2016 was medium reaching an average of 84 larvae /
100 m³ of filtered water of the Danube River in the Danube Delta area (Fig. 8, 9), most larvae drifting
in June (Fig. 9).

63 | P a g e
Scientific Annals of the Danube Delta Institute Tulcea, Romania
vol. 23 2018

1400
Multiannual Larval Abundance Index (LAI) in CPUE

CPUE (no. individuals /100 m³)

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

Years

Figure 8 Multiannual Larval Abundance Index (LAI) found in 100 m³ filtered water for Pontic shads

LAI on 3 consecutive Months of 2016 in CPUE

250 228
CPUE (no. individuals / 100 m³)

200

150

100

50
12 13
0
May June July Average 2016

Figure 9 Larval Abundance Index (LAI) for 3 consecutive months in 2016

Regarding the lengths of the shads larvae, measured with the calipers, they vary between 5-19 mm,
the majority of larvae being found in the 6-8 mm length class with a frequency over 70% (Fig. 10).
From the point of view of the life development stage, the shads larvae are dominated by stage II, the
early larval stage, with small and very small percentages in stage I (pre-larvae) and stage V-larva or
fry (juveniles) (Fig. 10).

The hydrological drainage pattern of the Danube, in the Ceatal Chilia river bifurcation point into two
arms, determines the larval distribution model. Thus, correlated with the shape of the river channel
and the configuration of the water bed, we observed the drifting of the larvae predominantly where the
river depth is higher with stronger current, because the water velocity in the curve increases from the
shores to the middle of the stream (Constantinescu et al.1956). Consequently, the surface waters
velocity pattern, transporting the larvae, will push the larvae to the outside of the curve, and thus
towards to the Tulcea arm, which took more than 2/3 of total drifting larvae (fig. 11).
This distribution pattern also translates to the abundance of larvae in the river branches. So the largest
quantities of shads larvae arrived in the Black Sea on Sulina and Sfantu Gheorghe arms, the lowest
one being the Chilia branch, with small differences between the studied months (Fig. 12).

64 | P a g e
Scientific Annals of the Danube Delta Institute Tulcea, Romania
vol. 23 2018

Drifting larva stage development in

2016
100,0
80,0 70,6
60,0

%
40,0
23,0
20,0 4,1 2,3
0,0
I II III IV
Figure 10 Stage development of shads drifting larvae in 2016

Larva distribution at Ceatal Chilia in 2016

Danuber River branch

brat Chilia

brat Tulcea

0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Figure 11 Distribution of shad larvae over the river branches on first bifurcation point (Ceatal Chilia) in
the Danube Delta in 2016

Figure 12 Percentage larval distribution over mouths of the Danube River branches in 3 consecutive
months in 2016

65 | P a g e
Scientific Annals of the Danube Delta Institute Tulcea, Romania
vol. 23 2018

In the studies of larvae drifting, a longitudinal-temporal relationship for survival between the
abundance of larvae upstream and downstream could not be identified, because the larvae drifting is
not continuous, and the likelihood of encountering the same flux at different points is minimal
(Năvodaru 1997).
Consequently, it was not possible to assess the survival of the larvae on their way to the sea, although
there are certainly mortalities in the larvae flowing along the Danube River to the sea.

CONCLUSIONS

In 2016 a little different than usually of running adults of Pontic shad was noticed. Migration starts
earlier in February because water temperature rose quickly at 4-5°C, coupled with increase of water
level to 200 cm. Intensity of migration was maximum at beginning of April at 10-14°C and 250-350
cm water level. In May, after 12 days prohibited period and decreasing in run migration, the
fishermen were no longer motivated to continue to fish shads. Sporadic specimens are found up to
August in occasional shad fishing.

Adults migration was dominated by the first time spawning individuals, mostly females, 3 years old
class dominant, with fattening coefficient of 1.46, near than multiannual average of 1.42.
The average size structure of the shads in the 2016 migration is smaller (28.7 cm and 236 g) than
the structure of the last 6 migrations (2009-2014), respectively 31.2 cm medium length and 282 g
average.

Larval Abundance Index (LAI) was average ranging between multiannual limits, most abundant
larvae drifted in June in 2 (II) and 3 (III) larval development stage in all Danube delta arms from
Danube delta. Tulcea branch carried larger abundance of larvae than the Chilia branch, following by
larger numbers in Sf. George river mouths than Chilia river mouth.

SUMMARY ON ROMANIAN LANGUAGES

Genul Alosa este present doar în emisfera nordică a globului pământesc cu 4 specii existând în
America de Nord și alte 5 în Europa, din care Alosa immaculata (scrumbia de Dunăre) este subiectul
prezentei lucrări. Migrația adulților scrumbiei de Dunăre este influențată de factorii de mediu, în
special de creșterea temperaturii apei și inundațiile fluviale de primăvară care în anul 2016 au
favorizat începerea migrației mai devreme decât de obicei în februarie, vârful migrației de reproducere
la începutul lui aprilie, iar în luna Mai ia sfârșit, mai ales datorită faptului că piața și capturile nu mai
motivează pescarii să pescuiască scrumbie. Capturile multianuale se situează între mari variabile în
cadrul unui model ciclic de 10-11 ani incluse în cicluri mai mari de 35 ani. În general adulții investigați
în 2016 au fost femele (depinde de perioada de eșantionare, deoarece spre sfârșitul migrației domină
femelele), preponderent este vârsta de 3 ani, coeficientul de îngrășare este aproape de media
multianuală, iar creșterea este una alometrică. Se observă că dimensiunile scrumbiei din 2016 au fost
mai mici decât media multianuală. Succesul reproducerii a fost estimat prin Indexul Abundenței Larval
(LAI), care este Captura pe Unitate de Efort (CPUE) exprimat ca număr de larve la 100 m³ volum
filtrat de apă. Abundența larvelor în anul 2016 comparativ cu alți 6 ani anteriori a arătat că media LAI
variază în limite largi (2-1252 larve la 100 m³) și LAI în 2016 este de asemenea inclus în aceste limite,
cu o medie de 84 larve / 100 m³ care a fost clasificat în clasa medie de reproducere, ținând cont de
maximul din 1997.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This work was supported by Romanian Nucleus Program, contract no. 47N/2016, funded by Ministry
of Research and Innovation.

66 | P a g e
Scientific Annals of the Danube Delta Institute Tulcea, Romania
vol. 23 2018

REFERENCES

Bănărescu P., 1964. Fauna R.P.R., Pisces-Osteichthyes, XIII Ed. Academiei R.P.R., Bucureşti: 962 p.
Ciugunova N.I. 1959. Rukovodstvo povizucenie vozrasta i rosta rîbî. C 2128 Izdatlestvo Acad.
Nauk.SSSR, Moskva, 14 - 64, 77 - 95, 104 - 147 pp.
Constantinescu M., Goldstein M., Haram V., Solomon S., 1956. Hidrologie. 449 pp. Editura Tehnică
Bucucureşti.
Crecco V., Savoy T., 1987. Fishery Management Plan for American shad in the Connecticut River.
State of Connecticut Departament of Environmental Protection Bureau of Fisheries. IN: Research
report, 136 pp.
Freyhof J., Brooks E., 2011. European Red List of Freshwater Fishes, 61 pp., Luxembourg:
Publications Office of the European Union. ISBN 978-92-79-20200-1. Doi: 10.2779/85903.
Froese R., Pauly D. (eds.), 2017. FishBase. IN: World Wide Web electronic publication.
www.fishbase.org, version (10/2017).
Fulton T., 1902. Rate of growth of sea fish, 20th Annual Report of the Fishery Board of Scotland 1902,
(3): 326-446.
Gheracopol O., Selin M.L., 1966. Piscicultura. Lucrări practice. 170 pp + 10 anexe, Editura Didactică şi
Pedagogică Bucucureşti, Institutul Politehnic-Galaţi.
Năvodaru I., 1996. Exploitation of Alosa pontica in the Danube Delta, Romania. IN: Cowx (I.G.) (ed.)
Stock assessment in inland fisheries, 448 - 453 pp, Oxford: Fishing New Books.
Năvodaru I., 1997. Evoluţia efectivelor de scrumbie de Dunăre în noile condiţii ecologice ale fluviului şi
măsuri de menţinere a lor, 198 pp., Teza de doctorat. Universitatea „Dunărea de Jos” din Galaţi.
Năvodaru I., 1998. Pontic Shad: A Short Review of the Species and Its Fishery. IN: Shad Journal,
3(4): 3 - 5 pp. ISSN 1094-4990.
Năvodaru I., 2001. Seaward drift of the Pontic shad larvae (Alosa pontica) and the influence of
Danuberiver hydrology on their travel path trough the Danube delta system. IN: Buletin Français
de la Pêche et de la Pisciculture, 362/363: 749 - 760 pp. ISSN 0767-2861.
Năvodaru I., Năstase A. 2014. Noi date privind studiul migraţiei scrumbiei (Alosa immaculata Bennet
1835) şi scurgerii larvelor în Dunăre (New data on pontic shad (Alosa immaculata Bennet 1835)
migration and drifting larvae in Danube River), DELTAICA, 3: 32 pp. IN: Török (L.) ed., Noi date
asupra prezenţei marilor peşti migratori anadromi în Marea Neagră – zona marină a Rezervaţiei
Biosferei Delta Dunării (New data on presence of the great anadroumous migratory fishes in Black
Sea – marine zone of Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve), Part I, ISSN 2286 – 0789; doi:
10.14590/DDI02.D03
Oțel V., 2000 (coord.), Lista roșie a speciilor de plante și animale din Rezervația Biosferei Delta
Dunării, România, 132 pp + 48 fotografii. Ed. Fundația AVES.
Pavlov P.I., 1953, Biologhiceskaia i promislovaia harakteristika nerestovogo stada dunaiskoi seldi, pp.
118 - 174. IN: Dunaiskaia seldi i biologhiceskie osnovî eio promîsla, Acad. Nauk., USSR. Kiev, (in
Ukrainian).
Ricker W.E., 1975. Computation and interpretation of biological statistics of fish populations. IN:
Bulletin of Research Board of Canada, 191: 1 – 385 pp.
Teodorescu-Leonte R., Popescu L., Leonte V., Munteanu I., Cristea A., Cristea E., 1957. Câteva date
asupra reproducerii scrumbiei (Caspialosa pontica Eichw.) în Dunăre. IN: Buletinul Institutului de
Cercetări Piscicole, XVI (1): 37-46.
Tesch F.W., 1968. Age and growth, 93 - 123 pp. IN: Ricker W.E. (ed.) Methods for Assessment of Fish
Production in Fresh Waters. Oxford.
Vibert R., Lagler K.F., 1961. Pêches continentales: biologie et aménagement, 711 pp., Paris Dunod.
Vladimirov V.I., 1953. Osnovnîe zadaci i itogi izucenia dunaiskoi seldi, IN: Dunaiskaia seldi I
biologhiceskie osnovî eio promîsla, Acad. Nauk Ukrainskoi SSR, Kiev, pp. 5-9. (in Ukrainian).
Yilmaz S., Polat (N.), 2002, Age determination of Shad (Alosa pontica Eichwald, 1838) inhabiting the
Black Sea. IN: Turkish Journal of Zoology, 26: 393 – 398 pp.
***** 1983. Digital Flowmeter Manual. General Oceanics, Inc. 1295 NW 163rd Street. Miami, Florida
33169 USA.
***** 2016. Cercetarea pescăriilor din Rezervația Biosferei Delta Dunării în vederea promovării
pescuitului durabil (Raport Faza I / Iunie/2016, al proiectului nr. PN 16 28 01 12 coord. Ion
Năvodaru) și Evaluarea stării de conservare a speciilor de peşti din lacurile RBDD (Raport Faza
II / Decembrie/2016, al proiectului nr. PN 16 28 01 11 coord. Aurel Năstase) al contractului nr.
47N/ANCS/2016, Anexa 1/2016 (executant: INCDDD - Tulcea). Tulcea, România.
***** 1992. Directiva Consiliului Uniunii Europene nr. 92/43/1992 privind conservarea habitatelor
naturale, faunei şi florei sălbatice (Habitats Directive) [Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May

67 | P a g e
View publication stats

Scientific Annals of the Danube Delta Institute Tulcea, Romania

vol. 23 2018

1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and wild fauna and flora]. IN: Official Journal of the
European Union, vol.: L206 (publicat pe 22 iulie 1992), pag. 7 – 50. Luxembourg – ultima
modificare in 2007.
***** 2007. Ordonanţa de Urgenţă a Guvernului nr. 57 din 20 iunie 2007 privind regimul ariilor natural
protejate, conservarea habitatelor natural, a florei şi faunei sălbatice. IN: Monitorul Oficial al
României, Partea I, anul 175 (XIX), nr. 442 (29 iunie 2007), pag. 1-32, Bucureşti, Romania.
***** 2011. Legea nr. 49 din 7 aprilie 2011 pentru aprobarea Ordonanţei de urgenţă a Guvernului nr.
57/2007 privind regimul ariilor natural protejate, conservarea habitatelor natural, a florei şi faunei
sălbatice. IN: Monitorul Oficial al României, Partea I, anul 179 (XXIII), nr.262 (13 aprilie 2011),
pag. 2-12, Bucureşti, Romania.

Received: 8 November 2017

Revised: 9 February 2018

© 2017, Danube Delta National Institute for Research and Development

Tulcea, Romania

68 | P a g e