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Digital Communication Lecture-9
Digital Communication Lecture-9
Systems
Lecture 5, Prof. Dr. Habibullah
Jamal
Under Graduate, Spring 2008
1
Chapter 4: Bandpass Modulation and Demodulation
2
4.1 Why Modulate?
Most channels require that the baseband signal be shifted to a higher
frequency
For example in case of a wireless channel antenna size is inversely
proportional to the center frequency, this is difficult to realize for baseband
signals.
For speech signal f = 3 kHz =c/f=(3x108)/(3x103)
unrealizable
Same speech signal if amplitude modulated using f =900MHz will require
c
an antenna size of about 8cm.
This is evident that efficient antenna of realistic physical size is needed for
3
4.2 Digital Bandpass Modulation Techniques
Three ways of representing bandpass signal:
(1) Magnitude and Phase (M & P)
Any bandpass signal can be represented as:
4
Angle Modulation
Consider a signal with constant frequency:
or
t
(t ) i ( )d
5
Phase Shift Keying (PSK) or PM
Consider a message signal m(t), we can write the phase modulated
signal as
(t ) c t K p m(t )
d
i (t ) c K p m(t )
dt
6
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) or FM
In case of Frequency Modulation
i (t ) 0 K f m(t )
t
(t ) [ 0 K f m(t )]d
t
0t K f m( )d
t
sFM (t ) A cos[ 0t K f
m( )d ]
A cos[ 0t K f a (t )]
where:
t
a (t ) m( )d
7
Example The message signal
1
0.5
-0.5
-1
0 0.05 0.1 0.15
0.5
-0.5
-1
0 0.05 0.1 0.15
Time
8
4.2.1 Phasor Representation of Sinusoid
11
Phasor Representation of Amplitude Modulation
j0t e jmt e jmt
s (t ) Re e 1
2 2
12
Phasor Representation of FM
j0t jmt j mt e jmt
s (t ) Re e 1 e e
2 2 2
13
Digital Modulation Schemes
18
Figure4.5: digital modulations, (a) PSK (b) FSK (c) ASK (d) ASK/PSK (APK)
20
Amplitude Shift Keying
Modulation Process
In Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK),
the amplitude of the carrier is
switched between two (or more)
levels according to the digital data
For BASK (also called ON-OFF
Keying (OOK)), one and zero are
represented by two amplitude
levels A1 and A0
21
Analytical Expression:
Ai cos(c t ), 0 t T binary 1
s (t )
0, 0 t T binary 0
where Ai = peak amplitude
2
s (t ) A cos(0t ) 2 Arms cos(0t ) 2 Arms cos(0t )
2E V2
2 P cos(0t ) cos(0t ) P
T R
Hence,
2 Ei (t )
cos(i t ), 0 t T binary 1 , i 0,2,......M 1
si (t ) T
0, 0 t T binary 0
where
T
E s i2 (t )dt , i 0,2,......M 1
0
22
Where for binary ASK (also known as ON OFF Keying (OOK))
A(t ) Ac m(t ), (t ) 0
The in-phase and quadrature components are:
x (t ) Ac m(t )
y (t ) 0, the quadrature component is wasted.
23
• It can be seen that the
bandwidth of ASK
modulated is twice that
occupied by the source
baseband stream
Bandwidth of ASK
Bandwidth of ASK can be found from its power spectral density
24
If raised cosine rolloff pulse shaping is used, then the bandwidth
is:
1
B (1 r ) Rb W (1 r ) Rb
2
Spectral efficiency of ASK is half that of a baseband unipolar NRZ
line code
This is because the quadrature component is wasted
95% energy bandwidth
3
B 3Rb
Tb
25
Detectors for ASK
Coherent Receiver
26
The output of the LPF is sampled once per bit period
This sample z(T) is applied to a decision rule
z(T) is called the decision statistic
Matched filter receiver of OOK signal
27
Noncoherent Receiver
Does not require a phase reference at the receiver
If we do not know the phase and frequency of the carrier, we can
28
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
In FSK, the instantaneous carrier frequency is switched between 2 or
more levels according to the baseband digital data
data bits select a carrier at one of two frequencies
Until recently, FSK has been the most widely used form of digital
modulation;Why?
Simple both to generate and detect
29
Analytical Expression
2 Es
si (t ) cos( i t ), i 0,1,....M 1
Ts
t
i (t ) [ 0t d m( )d ]
d Analog form
fi i (t ) f 0 f d m(t )
dt
General expression is
2 Es
si (t ) cos(2f 0t 2ift ), i 0,1,....M 1
Ts
Where f f i f i 1
30
Binary FSK
In BFSK, 2 different frequencies, f1 and f2 = f1 + ∆ f are used to
transmit binary information
2 Es
s1 (t ) cos 2 ( f 2 2 ), 0 t Tb
Tb
31
Ac cos(1t 1 ), when m(t ) 1 or X n 1
s (t )
Ac cos(2t 2 ), when m(t ) 1 or X n 0
When w0 an w1 are chosen so that f1(t) and f2(t) are orthogonal, i.e.,
1 (t )2 (t ) 0
form a set of K = 2 basis orthonormal basis
functions
32
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
General expression is
2 Es
si (t ) cos[2f 0t i (t )], i 0,1,....M 1
Ts
Where
2i
i (t ) i 0,1,....M 1
M
33
3. Coherent Detection of Binary FSK
Coherent detection of Binary FSK is similar to that for
ASK but in this case there are 2 detectors tuned to the 2
carrier frequencies
34
Non-coherent Detection
One of the simplest ways of detecting binary FSK is to pass the
signal through 2 BPF tuned to the 2 signaling freqs and detect
which has the larger output averaged over a symbol period
35
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
In PSK, the phase of the carrier signal is switched between 2 (for
BPSK) or more (for MPSK) in response to the baseband digital data
With PSK the information is contained in the instantaneous phase of
the modulated carrier
Usually this phase is imposed and measured with respect to a fixed
carrier of known phase – Coherent PSK
For binary PSK, phase states of 0o and 180o are used
Waveform:
36
Analytical expression can be written as
ø = carrier phase
2 (i 1)
i (t ) i 1,....M
M
For a rectangular pulse, we obtain
2
g (t ) , 0 t Tb ; and assume A Eb
Tb
37
We can now write the analytical expression as
2 Eb 2 (i 1)
si (t ) cos c t , 0 t Tb , and i 1,2,....M
Tb M
carrier phase changes
Constant envelope abruptly at the beginning of
each signal interval
38
We can also write a PSK signal as:
2E 2 (i 1)
si (t ) cos c t
T M
2E 2 (i 1) 2 (i 1)
cos cos ct sin sin cos c t
T M M
39
Using the concept of the orthogonal basis function, we can represent
PSK signals as a two dimensional vector
2 (i 1) 2 (i 1)
si (t ) Eb cos 1 , Eb sin 2
M M
For M-ary phase modulation M = 2k, where k is the number of
information bits per transmitted symbol
40
A preferred assignment is to use “Gray code” in which adjacent phases
differ by only one binary digit such that only a single bit error occurs in a
k-bit sequence. Will talk about this in detail in the next few slides.
41
M-ary PSK
In MPSK, the phase of the carrier takes on one of M possible values
2 (i 1)
i (t ) , i 1,2,....., M
M
Thus, MPSK waveform is expressed as
M 2k MPSK
2E 2 (i 1) 2 BPSK
si (t ) cos 0t
T M 4 QPSK
8 8 PSK
2 (i 1)
si (t ) g (t ) cos 0t 16 16 PSK
M
...........
Each si(t) may be expanded in terms of two basis function Ψ1(t) and
Ψ2(t) defined as
2 2
1 (t ) cos c t , 2 (t ) sin c t ,
Ts Ts
42
Quadrature PSK (QPSK)
10 π
11 3π/2
General expression:
2 Es 2 (i 1)
sQPSK (t ) cos 2f c t , i 1,2,3,4 0 t Ts
Ts M
43
The signals are:
2 Es 2 Es 2 Es
s0 cos( c t ) s1 cos( c t ) sin( c t )
Ts Ts 2 Ts
2 Es 2 Es
s2 cos( c t ) cos( c t )
Ts Ts
2 Es 3 2 Es
s3 cos( c t ) sin( c t )
Ts 2 Ts
2 Es
s0, 2 (t ) cos c t , shift o f 00 and 1800
Ts
2 Es
s1,3 (t ) sin c t , shift o f 900 and 2700
Ts
44
We can also have:
2 Es 2 (i 1)
sQPSK (t ) cos c t , i 1,2,3,4 0 t Ts
Ts M 4
45
One of 4 possible waveforms is transmitted during each signaling
interval Ts
i.e., 2 bits are transmitted per modulation symbol → Ts=2T )
b
2 Es 2 (i 1) 2 Es 2 (i 1)
sQPSK (t ) cos cos( c t ) sin sin( c t )
Ts M Ts M
46
In terms of basis functions
2 2
1 (t ) cos 2f c t and 2 (t ) sin 2f c t
Ts Ts
we can write sQPSK(t) as
2 (i 1) 2 (i 1)
sQPSK (t ) Es cos 1 (t ) Es sin 2 (t )
M M
With this expression, the constellation diagram can easily be drawn
For example:
47
Coherent Detection
1. Coherent Detection of PSK
Coherent detection requires the phase information
A coherent detector operates by mixing the incoming data signal with
a locally generated carrier reference and selecting the difference
component from the mixer output
A MF pair such as the root raised cosine filter can thus be used
to shape the source and received baseband symbols
In fact this is a very common approach in signal detection in most
bandpass data modems
49
2. Coherent Detection of MPSK
QPSK receiver is composed of 2 BPSK receivers
one that locks on to the sine carrier and
the other that locks onto the cosine carrier
1 (t ) A cos 0t
2 (t ) A sin 0t
Ts Ts A2Ts
z0 (t ) s0 (t ) 1 (t ) dt ( A cos 0t ) ( A cos 0t ) dt L0
0 0 2
Ts Ts
z1 (t )
0
s0 (t ) 2 (t )dt 0
( A cos 0t ) ( A sin 0t )dt 0
50
Output S0(t) S1(t) S2(t) S3(t) A2Ts
L0 cos
Z0 Lo 0 -Lo 0 2 4
Z1 0 -Lo 0 Lo
o o
If 1 (t ) A cos( 0t 45 ) and 2 (t ) A cos( 0t 45 )
51
A coherent QPSK receiver requires accurate carrier recovery using
a 4th power process, to restore the 90o phase states to modulo 2π
52
4.3 Detection of Signals in Gaussian Noise
53
4.3.2 Correlation Receiver reference signal
s1 (t ) Decision Stage
T
T
z 1 (T ) 0
r ( t ) s 1 ( t ) dt
0
......
......
r (t ) si (t ) n(t ) comparator selects sˆi (t )
si(t)
s M (t ) with max zi(t)
T
z M (T ) 0
r ( t ) s M ( t ) dt
0
reference signal
1 (t ) Decision Stage
T
T z 1 (T ) r ( t ) 1 ( t ) dt
0
0
......
......
T z M (T ) r (t ) M ( t ) dt
0
54
4.4 Coherent Detection
4.4.1 Coherent Detection of PSK
Consider the following binary PSK example
2E
s1 (t ) cos(0t ) 0 t T
T
2E 2E
s2 (t ) cos(0t ) cos(0t )
T T
n(t) = zero-mean Gaussian random process
s1 (t ) a11 (t ) 1 (t ) E 1 (t )
s2 (t ) a21 (t ) 1 (t ) E 1 (t )
Ez1 | s1 E T
0
E 12 (t ) n(t ) 1 (t ) dt
| s E (t ) n(t ) (t ) dt
T
Ez 2 1 E 12 1
0
56
T 2 2
Ez1 | s1 E 2
E cos 0t n(t ) cos 0t dt E
0 T T
T 2 2
Ez 2 | s1 E 2
E cos 0t n(t ) cos 0t dt E
0 T T
where E{n(t)}=0
57
4.4.2 Sampled Matched Filter
The impulse response h(t) of a filter matched to s(t) is:
s (T t ) 0 t T
h(t )
0 elsewhere (eq 4.26)
Let the received signal r(t) comprise a prototype signal si(t) plus
noise n(t)
Bandwidth of the signal is W =1/2T where T is symbol time then
Fs= 2W = 1/T
Sample at t =kTs . This allows us to use discrete notation:
r (k ) si (k ) n(k ) i 1,2 k 0,1,...
Let ci(n) be the coefficients of the MF where n is the time index and
N represents the samples per symbol
ci ( n) si [( N 1) n] (eq 4.27)
58
Discrete form of convolution integral suggests
N 1
zi (k ) r (k n) ci (n) K 0,1,....., modulo N (eq 4.28)
n 0
Since noise is assumed to have zero mean, so the expected value
of a received sample is:
E r ( k ) si ( k ) i 1,2
59
Sampled
Matched
Filter
Fig
4.10
60
4.4.3 Coherent Detection of MPSK
The signal space for a multiple phase-shift keying (MPSK) signal set
is illustrated for a four-level (4-ary) PSK or quadriphase shift
keying(QPSK)
Fig 4.11
61
At the transmitter, binary digits are collected two at a time for each
symbol interval
Two sequential digits instruct the modulator as to which of the four
waveforms to produce
si(t) can be expressed as:
2E 2i 0t T
si (t ) cos(0t )
T M i 1,...M
where:
E: received energy of waveform over each symbol duration T
w0: carrier frequency
62
si(t) can be written in terms of these orthonormal coordinates:
0t T
si (t ) ai1 1 (t ) ai 2 2 (t )
i 1,...M
2i 2i
E cos
1 (t ) E sin 2 (t )
M M
The decision rule for the detector is:
Decide that s (t) was transmitted if received signal vector fall in
1
region 1
Decide that s (t) was transmitted if received signal vector fall in
2
region 2 etc
i.e choose ith waveform if z (T) is the largest of the correlator
i
outputs
The received signal r(t) can be expressed as:
2E 0t T
r (t ) cos i cos 0t sin i sin 0t n(t )
T i 1,...M
63
T
The upper corelator computes X
0
r (t ) 1 (t ) dt
T
The lower corelator computes Y r (t ) 2 (t ) dt
0
64
The computation of the received
phase angle φ can be accomplished
by computing the arctan of Y/X
Where:
X: is the inphase component of the
received signal
Y: is the quadrature component of
the received signal
ǿ: is the noisy estimate of the
transmitted φi
65
4.4.4 Coherent Detection of FSK
FSK modulation is characterized by the information in the frequency
of the carrier
Typical set of FSK signal waveform:
2E 0t T
si (t ) cos(i t )
T i 1,...M
Where Φ: is an arbitrary constant
E: is the energy content of si(t) over each symbol duration T
(wi+1- wi): is typically assumed to be an integral multiple of λ/T
Assuming the basis functions form an orthonormal set:
2
j (t ) cos j t j 1,...., N
T
Amplitude √2/T normalizes the expected output of the MF
T 2E 2
aij
0 T
cos(i t )
T
cos( j t ) dt
66
Therefore
E for i j
aij
0 otherwise
This implies, the ith prototype signal vector is located on the ith
coordinate axis at a displacement √E from the origin of the symbol
space
For general M-ary case and given E, the distance between any two
prototype signal vectors si and sj is constant:
d ( si , s j ) || si s j || 2 E for i j
67
Signal space partitioning for 3-ary FSK
68