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 Presentation

Submitted to:
Sir Umair Masood
Prepared by:
Red eyes 2
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 RED EYES
Members Name Roll Number
• Faizan Rashid • 09041020-073
• Rehan Ali • 09041020-014
• Khurram Shehzad • 09041020-052
• Mohsin Ali • 09041020-063
• Ammara Akbar • 09041020-009

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Topic
Data
Communicatio
n
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 Data Communication

 Communication
Communication means the exchange of
information or messages .
 Data Communication
The process of transferring data from one location
to another is called Data Communication
 data is transmitted electronically

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 Data Communication (Cont’d)
• Elements of Data Communication
• Following are the basic elements of data
communication.
» Sender
» Medium
» Receiver
» protocol

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Elements of Data Communication
• Sender
Device that is used to transmit messages to
another device. Also called Transmitter or
Source.
• Example
Mobile phone
Video camera
Computer
Work station
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Elements of Data Communication (Cont’d)

• Medium
Path through data is transmitted. Also
called communication channel.
 Example
Microwave
Satellite system
Fiber optics
Telephone line

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Elements of Data Communication (Cont’d)

• Receiver
Device that is used to receive messages from
another device. Also called sink.
• Example
Computer
Workstation
Mobile phone
Fax machine
Printer
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Elements of Data Communication (Cont’d)

• Protocol
Set of rule that guides Data
Communication
Without protocol devices only connected
but cannot communicate
 Example
An English person cannot communicate with a
person who can speak only Urdu.

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 Data Communication

• Types of Data transmission

• Two types of Data transmission
– Analog Data transmission
– Digital Data transmission

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 Types of Data transmission
Analog Data transmission .

• .

• Transfer of data in the form of

analog signals or continuous
waves.
• Light waves, radio waves are
examples of analog signals.
• Transmission through
telephone line, microwave
system is example of analog
data transmission.

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Types of Data transmission (Cont’d)
Digital data transmission .

• Transfer of data in the form of

digital signals.
• Digital signal consist of pulses
that represent bits group
together into bytes.
• Data is transmitted through
telephone line, microwave
system and satellite.
• Modem is used on both sides.

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 Communication Channel
• A path through which information is
transmitted. It is also referred as
communication medium.
– Example
• Twisted pair cable
• Coaxial cable
• Fiber optics cable
• Micro wave
• satellite

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 Communication Channel (Cont’d)
• Types of communication channel

– It is divided into two categories:

• Guided media
– In guided media the devices are linked with each other
via cable or physical media for transmission of data.
• Unguided media
– Data is communicated between communicated devices
in the form of waves.

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 Guided media
• Guided media
– In guided media the devices are liked with each
other via cable or physical media for transmission
of data. It is also called bounded media
– Data is bounded to a cable media.
– Example
a) Twisted pair cable
b) Coaxial cable
c) Fiber optic cable

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 Guided media (Cont’d)
Twisted pair cable
• Most commonly
communication media
• Consists of pair of thin
copper wires which are
covered by insulating
material.
• Data transmission speed is
9600 bits per second in a
distance of 100 meters.

Twisted pair cable

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 Guided media (Cont’d)
Coaxial cable
• It carries signals of higher frequency
ranges than twisted-pair cable.
• Consists of single copper wire, which is
called inner conductor which is
surrounded by three layers
1. An insulating material, which covers inner
conductor.
2. An outer conductor of solid metal foil
(shield) which completes the circuit.
3. Insulating material, which covers outer
conductor. Coaxial cable

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 Coaxial cable

• It creates less noise and protects the cable

from interference of external electromagnetic
waves. Therefore, coaxial cable has low
transmission rate errors.
• These cables can transmit data over longer
distances as compared to twisted pair.
• Data transfer speed is 80 times greater than
twisted pair cable.
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 Guided media
Fiber optic cable
• In twisted pair cable and
coaxial cable, data is
transmitted in the form of
electric frequencies but fiber
optic cable uses light to
transmit data.
• Data transmission speed is
very high.
• The data transmission speed is
up to billions bits per second.
Fiber optic cable

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 Fiber optic cable
• A fiber optic cable consists of tubes of glass through which
data is transmitted as pulses of light.
• A tube of glass (glass fiber) is called core. It is thinner than a
human hair.
• The core is surrounded by a thin layer of glass called cladding.
• The diameter of a core is 62.5 microns
• The cladding is coated with insulating material such as plastic,
which is called jacket.
• Most of the telephone companies and cable TV operators are
using fiber optic cables in their networks.

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 Fiber optic cable
Advantages Disadvantages
• Transmission capacity is • Very costly
about 26,000 times greater • Difficult to install.
than twisted pair cable
• It has high level of security
• Not affected by
electromagnetic waves.
• More reliable and lower
data transmission errors.

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 Unguided media
• Data is communicated between communicated
devices in the form of waves. Also called unbounded
media.
• Unguided media provides means to transmit data
signals but does not guide them along a specific
path.
• Data signals are not bounded to a cabling media.
• It is used when it is impossible to install cables

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 Unguided media (Cont’d)
• Examples of unguided media
– Microwave communication system
– Satellite communication system
– Mobile communication system

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 Unguided media (Cont’d)
Microwave communication system
• Data is transmitted through
air or space
• These are high frequency
waves which travel in strait
line.
• The data is transmitted
through a microwave
station .
• Microwave is also called
relay station or booster.
Microwave communication system
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 Microwave communication system
• A microwave station contains antenna, transmitter,
receiver and other equipments that are required for
microwave transmission.
• Microwave antenna is placed on high towers or buildings.
• The distance between two antenna’s is about 20-30 miles.
• There may be many stations between sender and receiver.
• Each microwave station receives signals from previous
station and transmits to next station.
• Due to this data is transmitted over long distances.

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 Unguided media
Satellite communication system
• A communication is a space station.
• It receives microwave signals from
earth stations.
• The signals are transmitted from
one earth station to satellite.
Satellite receives and amplifies the
signals and send to another earth
station.
• In this way data and messages
transmitted from one place to
Satellite communication system
another.
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 Satellite communication system
• Satellites are rotates app. 23,300 miles above the
earth.
• In early years of satellite communication research, the
moon was used to transmit data signals.
• The time taken by the data to reach the earth is about
2 seconds.
• Different communication satellites are used to carry
different kinds of information such as telephone calls,
internet traffic, military communication weather data
and even radio stations use them for broadcasting.
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Satellite communication system (Cont’d)

• Advantages • Disadvantages
– A large amount of – The bad weather can
data is transmitted effect the quality of
from one country to satellite transmission.
another. – It has serious security
– Data transmission problems, because it is
speed is very fast. easy to catch the
transmission as it travels
through the air.
– It is very costly.

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 Unguided media
• Broad cast radio
– It is wireless transmission medium which
distributes radio signals through the air over a
long and short distance.
– Radio transmission requires a transistor to send
broad cast radio signals and receiver to receive it.
– The receiver used antenna to receive signals.
– Blue tooth is an example of short range Broad cast
radio.

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 Blue tooth
• Uses short range radio waves to transmit
data
• Data transfer rate is about 1 mbps among
blue tooth.
• Blue tooth mostly used in:
– Mobile phones
– PCs
– Fax machines
– printers

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 Unguided media
• Cellular radio
– Broad cast radio used for mobile
communication.
– Mostly used in wireless modems and cellular
phones.
• Cellular phones transmit voice and digital data
and also it connects with PCs to access web and
receive email etc.

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Devices which provide
interface between
Communication devices
and Communication
Media (Channel)
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 .

Modem
• Modem stands for modulation and
demodulation
• Electronic device that convert
digital signal into analog signals and
vise versa.
• Conversion of digital signal into
analog signal is called modulation.
• Conversion of analog signal into
digital signal is called demodulation.
• It is used to send or receive data
through telephone line.
modem

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 .

Network interface card

• It is also called LAN adapter.
• It is used to connect device with the
computer.
• It manage transmission of data,
instructions and information to and
from the computer.
• Network interface card work with
particular network technology like
Ethernet.

Network interface card

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 Network interface card (Cont’d)
• Transfer rate of network interface card is
about 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps.
• Different network interface card are available
for different type of computers.
• Network cards of wireless data transmission
are also available.
• Network interface cards also have an antenna.

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 .

Wireless access point

• It is a central communication device
which allows computer and other
devices to transfer data wirelessly
among themselves other then a
wireless network.
• Wireless access points have quality
antenna’s for optimal signals.
• Manufactures suggest to place the
wireless access point at highest
possible location for the best signals.
Wireless access point

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 .

Routers
• Communication device that
connects multiple computers or
other routers together.
• It connects multiple networks
using similar or different
protocols.
• It manages the best rout
between any two communication
networks of same country or two
different countries.
Routers
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 Routers (Cont’d)

• Routers are used when several

networks are connect together.
• Data transfer rate is very high.
• Router is an intelligent device.
• It uses algorithms to find out best
path to transfer data to a network.

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 .

Hub
• It is also called connector or
multi station access unit
(MAU)
• Provides central point for
cables in a network.
• Hub also transmit signals and
have multiple ports to which
devices are connected.
• A hub can handle only one
way information traffic at a
time.
Hub
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