Leadership

Leadership: Introduction

• The action of leading a group of people or an organization, or the ability to do

this.
• Leadership involves:
• vision,
• sharing that vision,
• providing the information, knowledge and methods,
• coordinating and balancing the conflicting interests etc.
Differences between Managers and
Leaders
• Leadership is a skill,
• Leader: A leader is a person who influences his followers to achieve a
specified goal.
• Management is a discipline,
• Manager: A manager is a person who manages the organization such
that he is responsible for planning, organization, direction,
coordination and control.
 BASIS FOR COMPARISON LEADER MANAGER

Meaning A leader is a person who influences his A manager is a person who manages the
subordinates to achieve a specified goal. organisation and is responsible for
planning, direction, coordination and
control

Approach Sets Direction Plans details

Subordinate Followers Employees

Style Transformational Transactional

Decision Facilitates decision Makes decision

Aim Growth and development. Attainment of the required result.

Focus People Process and Procedure

Change Leaders promotes change. Mangers react to change.

Conflict Uses conflict as an asset Avoid conflict

People Aligns people Organizes people

Strives For effectiveness For efficiency

 Qualities

Qualities of a Leader Qualities of a Manager

• Ability to inspire • Discipline
• Vision • Committed to work
• Confidence • Confidence
• Positive Attitude • Effective Decision-Making
• Good communication skills • Competence
• Open minded • Patience
• Enthusiastic • Code of behaviour
 Leadership Theories

1930s 1940s/50s 1960s/70s 1980s

Trait Behavioral Contingency Transformational

1. Trait Theory/Approach of Leadership
• Traits can predict leadership.
• The Big Five personality traits for effective leadership
• Extraversion
• Conscientiousness,
• Openness to experience and
• Emotional Intelligence
• Self Awareness
• Self Regulation Skills
• Cognitive Abilities
• Limitation: Can not fully explain leadership
 2. The Behaviour Approach
• Who leaders are? And What leaders do? i.e. Focusing on leader’s behaviour
• Behavioral theories of leadership
• People can be trained to be leaders.
• Ohio State Studies (in late 1940s), collected data from questionnaire about behavior
of leaders; and found two behaviors that accounted for most leadership behavior:
• Initiating structure/ Tasks oriented.
• Consideration / Relationships oriented.
• Culture & Organizational structure can impact behavior of leaders

Traits and behaviors do not guarantee success.

Context matters too.
 3. The Contingency
Approach
• The Fiedler contingency model:
• The proper match between the leader’s style of interacting with subordinates
and the degree to which the situation gives control to the leader.
• Contingency OR Situational dimensions:
• Leader-member relations (the degree of confidence, trust and respect that
members have in their leader)
• Task structure (the degree to which task/jab assignments are structured vs
unstructured)
• Position power (the degree of influence a leader has over power variables
like hiring, firing, discipline, promotions and salary increase)
Leaders and Situations
4. Charismatic Leadership
• Charisma: exceptional/heroic/extraordinary/specific qualities or
abilities
• Charismatic leadership is based on follower perceptions that the leader
is holding with exceptional qualities (Northouse, 2013).
• Key characteristics of a Charismatic Leader
• Vision and articulation
• Personal risk and self sacrifice to achieve vision
• Sensitivity to follower needs
• Unconventional behavior
• Factors affecting Success: Situations; Organizational evaluation and
control process
 5. Servant Leadership
• Introduced by Greenleaf in 1970s.
• Servant leadership behaviors are: conceptualization, emotional
healing, putting followers first, helping followers grow and succeed,
behaving ethically, empowering, and creating value for the
community (Northouse, 2013)
• Servant leadership has follower-focused service as a primary
responsibility and is usually classified under ethical leadership
emphasizing values (Yukl, 2013, p. 348).
5. The Transformational Theory of
Leadership
• Transformational leaders are concerned about the needs of followers, use
exceptional form of influence, and help the followers obtain fullest potential
(Northouse, 2013, p. 186: Yukl, 2013).
• Process - TL is a process that changes and transforms individuals
• Influence - TL involves an exceptional form of influence that moves followers to
accomplish more than what is usually expected
• Core elements - TL is concerned with emotions, values, ethics, standards, and long-term
goals
• Impacts– TL leads to increased job performance and organizational citizenship behavior
by empowering people.
• Positively affect employee creativity, organizational commitment and performance level of employees
Transformational Leadership
Factors/characteristics: The 4 I’s
1. Idealized Influence
• Acting as strong role models
• High standards of moral and ethical conduct
• Making others want to follow the leader’s vision
• Gains respect and trust

2. Inspirational Motivation
• Communicating high expectations
• Inspiring followers to commitment and engagement in shared vision
• Using symbols & emotional appeals to focus efforts
• Expresses important purpose in simple ways
Transformational Leadership Factors: The
4 I’s
3. Intellectual Stimulation
• Stimulating followers to be creative and innovative
• Promote rationality and careful problem solving
• Supporting followers to try new approaches
• Develop innovative ways of dealing with organization issues

4. Individualized Consideration
• Listening carefully to the needs of followers
• Acting as coaches and advisors to assist followers
• Helping followers grow through personal challenges
• Treats each employee individually
 Types of leaders
• The Bureaucrat
• The Whiz-Bang Manager
• The Charismatic Leader
• The Servant Leader
• Main goals are to Serve, share power,
consider employees needs etc
• The Transforming Leader
• Ethical Leader
Leaders: Types of Power