❑❑

(1.11.3)

Dividing out the base vectors, this is a set of three homogeneous equations in three unknowns (if one treats as known). From
basic linear algebra, this system has a solution (apart from ) if and only if the determinant of the coefficient matrix is zero, i.e. if
(1.11.4)
Evaluating the determinant, one has the following cubic characteristic equation of .
Tensor Characteristic Equation (1.11.5)
Where

(1.11.6)