UNIT I – WIRELESS

CHANNELS
 TOPICS
• Path loss models: Free Space and Two-Ray models
• Link Budget design
• Parameters of mobile multipath channels
• Time dispersion parameters
• Coherence bandwidth
• Doppler spread & Coherence time
• Small Scale fading
• Fading effects due to multipath time delay spread
• Fading effects due to doppler spread
 Introduction
• Wireless communication – broadcasting and reception of
signals by an appropriate receiver through wireless
medium (air)
 Characteristics of wireless channels
• Path loss
• Fading
• Interference
• Doppler shift
 Path Loss
• Ratio of power of the transmitted signal to the power of
same signal received by reciever.
• Dependent on radio frequency used and nature of terrain
• Path loss models – Free space & Two ray
• Free space – no attenuation of signals, only direct path
• Two ray – direct path & Reflected path
 Fading
• Fluctuations in signal strength when received at the
receiver.
• Types – (1) Fast/small scale fading (2) slow/large scale
fading.
• Fast fading – rapid fluctuations in amplitude, phase or
multipath delays.
• Slow fading – objects partially absorb the transmissions
• Counter measure – Diversity & Adaptive modulation
 Interference
• Types : (1) ACI (2) CCI (3) ISI

Interference Counter measure

ACI Guard band
CCI Usage of directional
antennas, dynamic channel
allocation
ISI Adaptive equalization
 Doppler shift
• Change in frequency when transmitter and receiver are
mobile in nature.
• Higher frequency – when both move towards
• Lower frequency – when both move away