Principles of Multimedia

• Multimedia is a form of communication that

combines different content forms such as text,
audio, images, animations, or video into a
single interactive presentation
 Principles of Multimedia

• AUDIO
• It is used for voice communications between the remote
health care center and the central service provider. It
involves microphones, speakers, echo-canceller and noise
reduction units.
• VIDEO
• This is used for viewing remote participants and sharing
documents. Monitors, camera and visualizer (document
camera) are the basic components of the video subsystem.
• Text
• Text is a important component used in many
multimedia applications. They are characters
that are used to create words ,sentences and
paragraphs. Text alone provide just one source
of information.
• Data
• Data of more than one medium
 ISDN
• Integrated Services Digital Network is a circuit-
switched telephone network system that transmits
both data and voice over a digital line.
• These digital lines could be copper lines. It was
designed to move outdated landline technology to
digital.
• ISDN connections for providing better speeds and
higher quality than traditional connections.
• Faster speeds and better connections allow data
transmissions to travel more reliably.
 ISDN
• The main feature of ISDN is that it can
integrate speech and data on the same lines,
which were not available in the classic
telephone system.
 Types of Channels :
• ISDN generally contains three types of
channels i.e.,
• B-channel (Bearer channel),
• D-channel (Data Channel), and
• H-channel (Hybrid Channel).
 B-Channel :
• B-channel usually has 64 kbps data rate.
• This channel is required for voice, data, or
other low data rate information.
• For higher data rates, two B-channel will get
combined to give total of 128 kbps data rates.
 D-Channel :
• D-channel usually has 16 to 64 kbps data rate.
This channel is required for signaling.
• D-channel does not even carry data.
• It is simply required for carrying all of the
controlling signals as establishing call, ringing,
call interrupt, etc.
• It is common channel signaling that carries
control signals.
 H-Channel :
• H-channel generally has kbps, 1536 kbps, or
1920 kbps data rate.
• This channel is required for video, video-
conferencing, high-speed data/audio, etc.
 ISDN Interfaces:
• Basic Rate Interface (BRI)
• Primary Rate Interface (PRI)
• Broadband-ISDN (B-ISDN)
• Narrowband ISDN
 Basic Rate Interface (BRI)
• There are two data-bearing channels (‘B’
channels) and one signaling channel (‘D’
channel) in BRI to initiate connections.
• The two channels are independent of each
other.
• For example, one channel is used as a TCP/IP
connection to a location while the other
channel is used to send a fax to a remote
location
 Primary Rate Interface (PRI)
• Primary Rate Interface service consists of
• 23 B channels and one 64 Kbps D channel is
present in the usual Primary Rate Interface
(PRI).
• Twenty-three B channels of 64 Kbps each and
one D channel of 64 Kbps equals 1.536 Mbps.
 Broadband-ISDN (B-ISDN)
• Narrowband ISDN has been designed to
operate over the current communications
infrastructure
• which is heavily dependent on the copper
cable however B-ISDN relies mainly on the
evolution of fiber optics.
 Narrowband ISDN

• The Narrowband Integrated Services Digital Network

is called the N-ISDN.
• This can be understood as a telecommunication that
carries voice information in a narrow band of
frequencies.
• This is actually an attempt to digitize the analog voice
information. This uses 64kbps circuit switching.
• The narrowband ISDN is implemented to carry voice
data, which uses lesser bandwidth, on a limited
number of frequencies.
 ISDN Components
• Terminal Equipment type 1 (TE1) *
ISDN compatible device (Router with ISDN Interface)
* TE1s connect to the ISDN network through a four-wire, twisted-
pair digital link
• Terminal Equipment type 2 (TE2)
* ISDN Non-compatible devices.
* Will require a terminal adapter.
• Terminal Adapter (TA)
* Converts standard electrical signals into the form used by ISDN
* Needed for connection with TE2 devices
* The ISDN TA can be either a standalone device or a board inside
the TE2
 ISDN Components
• Network termination type 1 (NT1)
* Network-termination devices that connect the four-wire
Subscriber wiring to the conventional two-wire local loop
Network termination type 2 (NT2)
* Intelligent device that performs switching
* Provides multiple ISDN interfaces on an ISDN line. The NT2 may
be as simple as a bridging device connected to an NT1 unit or it may
be as complicated as a PBX (Private Branch exchanges)
 ISDN Reference points
ISDN specifies a number of reference points that define logical
interfaces between functional groupings, such as TAs and NT1s.
ISDN reference points include the following:

• R---The reference point between non-ISDN equipment and a TA.

• S---The reference point between user terminals and the NT2.
• T---The reference point between NT1 and NT2 devices.
• U---The reference point between NT1 devices and line-termination
equipment in the carrier network
 ISDN Reference points
Reference points are a series of specifications that
define the connection between specific devices,
depending on their function in the end-to-end
connection
 Principles of ISDN
• I. To support voice and non-voice applications
• The main feature of the ISDN concept is the support of
a wide range of voice (for e.g. Telephone calls) & non-
voice (for e.g. digital data exchange) applications in the
same network.
• 2. To support switched and non-switched applications
• ISDN supports both circuit switching and packet
switching.
• In addition ISDN supports non-switched services in the
form of dedicated lines.
 Principles of ISDN

• 3. Reliance on 64-kbps connections

• ISDN provides circuit switched and packet switched
connections at 64 kbps.
• This is the fundamental building block of ISDN.
• This rate was chosen because at the time, it was
standard rate for digitized voice.
• 4. Intelligence in the network
• An ISDN is expected to provide sophisticated services
beyond the simple setup of circuit switched calls.
• These services include maintenance and network
management functions.
 Principles of ISDN
• 5. Layered protocol architecture
• A layered protocol structure should be used for the
specification of the access to an ISDN.
• Such a structure can be mapped into OSI model.
• 6. Variety of configurations
• Several configurations are possible for
implementing ISDN.
• This allows for differences in national policy, in
state of technology and in the needs and existing
equipment of the customer base.
 Advantages of ISDN

• ISDN is a telephone network based infrastructure,

which enables the transmission of both voice and data
simultaneously. There are many advantages of ISDN
such as −
• As the services are digital, there is less chance for
errors.
• The connection is faster.
• The bandwidth is higher.
• Voice, data and video − all of these can be sent over a
single ISDN line
 Disadvantages of ISDN

• The disadvantage of ISDN is that it requires

specialized digital services and is costlier.
• However, the advent of ISDN has brought
great advancement in communications.
• Multiple transmissions with greater speed are
being achieved with higher levels of accuracy.