Ukuran keragaman

 Dari tiga ukuran pemusatan, belum dapat memberikan

deskripsi yang lengkap bagi suatu data.
 Perlu juga diketahui seberapa jauh pengamatan-
pengamatan tersebut menyebar dari rata-ratanya.
 Ada kemungkinan diperoleh rata-rata dan median yang
sama, namun berbeda keragamannya.
 Beberapa ukuran keragaman yang sering kita temui
adalah range (rentang=kisaran=wilayah), simpangan
(deviasi), varian (ragam), simpangan baku (standar
deviasi) dan koefisien keragaman.
 Measures of Dispersion and Variability

These are measurements of how spread the

data is around the center of the distribution
f

X X
1.Range  Kisaran = Rentang
difference between lowest and highest numbers

Place numbers in order of magnitude,

then range = Xn - X1.

Range = 5 - 2
2 = X1 =3
2 = X2
3 Problem - no information
= X3
4 about how clustered the
= X4
5 data is
= X5
2. DEVIATION  DEVIASI = SIMPANGAN

You could express dispersion in terms of

deviation from the mean, however, a sum of
deviations from the mean will always = 0.

i.e.  (Xi - X) = 0

So, take an absolute value to avoid this

Problem – the more numbers in the data set, the

higher the SS
3. Mean Deviation = Simpangan Rerata
Sample mean deviation =  | Xi - X |
n
Essentially the average deviation from the mean

4. Variance = Ragam
Another way to get around the problem of zero sums is to
square the deviations. Known as sum of squares or SS

Xi2 - (Xi)2/n
Sample SS =  (Xi - X)2 = n-1

SS is much more common than mean deviation

Example Sample SS =  (Xi - X)2

2 = X1 X = 3.2
2 = X2
3 SS = (2 - 3.2)2 + (2 - 3.2)2 +
= X3
4 (3 - 3.2)2 + (4 - 3.2)2 + (5 -3.2)2
= X4
5
= X5 = 1.44 + 1.44 + 0.04 + 0.64 + 3.24
= 6.8

Problem – the more numbers in the data set, the

higher the SS
The mean SS is known as the variance
Population Variance (2 ):

2 = (Xi -  )2 This is just SS

N
N

Our best estimate of 2 is sample variance (s2):

S2 =  (Xi - X)2
n-1 Note : divide by n-1
=
 Xi2 - (Xi)2/n known as degrees of freedom
n-1
Problem - units end up squared
5. Standard Deviation (Standar Deviasi)
=> square root of variance
For a population:

 = 2  = (Xi -  )2
N
For a sample:

s = s2 s = (Xi - X )2
n-1
 s = (Xi - X )2
Example
n-1
2 = X1
2 = X2
3 = X3 s= (2 - 3.2)2 + (2 - 3.2)2 +
4 = X4 (3 - 3.2)2 + (4 - 3.2)2 + (5 -3.2)2
5
= X5 5-1
X = 3.2
= 1.44 + 1.44 + 0.04 + 0.64 + 3.24
4
= 1.304
6. Coefficient of Variation = Koefisien
Keragaman = KK (V or sometimes CV):
Variance (s2) and standard deviation (s) have
magnitudes that are dependent on the
magnitudes of the data.
The coefficient of variation is a relative
measure, so variability of different sets of data
may be compared (stdev relative to the mean)
Note that there are no
CV =
s units – emphasizes that it
X 100%
X is a relative measure
Sometimes expressed as a %
Example:
CV =
s (X 100%)
2 = X1 X
2 = X2
3 = X3 1.304 g
4 CV =
= X4 3.2 g
5
= X5
CV = 0.4075
X = 3.2 g or
s = 1.304 g CV = 40.75%
Attention  there is not any UNIT, or %
7. Probability (Peluang) :
Likelihood of an event - represented by P
number between 0 and 1

Eg coin toss: probability of heads = 0.5

Eg 2: roll of die: probability of any number = 1/6

So probability of one event = 1

# of possible outcomes
Adding and multiplying probabilities:

To find prob. Of one event and another event

both happening, multiply the probabilities of the
two events

eg if a coin is tossed twice, what is prob of a

head followed by a tail

(0.5)(0.5) = 0.25
To find prob. of one event or another event
happening, add the probabilities of the two
events

eg if a die is tossed what is prob of rolling a

2 or a 4?

1/6 + 1/6
= 2/6
= .333
BUT : The biological world is not as clear
cut as tossing coins

We can guess at a probability by sampling a large

data set and expressing relative frequency

Relative frequency of an event = frequency of that event

total # of all events

Eg. Sample 1000 students, get 510 male

510/1000 = 51% male
Relative Frequency Example 2

Vertebrate Number Rel. Freq

Amphibians 53 0.06 53/852 = 0.06
Turtles 41 0.05
Snakes 204 0.24
Birds 418 0.49
Mammals 136 0.16

Total 852 1.00

Probability that next animal will be a snake

P = 0.24
8. The Normal Distribution (Distribusi Normal) :

68.27%

95.44%
f

99.73%

3 2   2 3
X
There is an equation which describes the height of
the normal curve in relation to its standard dev ()
Normal distribution with σ = 1, with varying means

μ=0 μ=1 μ=2

ƒ

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

If you get difficulties to keep this term,

read statistics books
Normal distribution with μ = 0, with varying standard
deviations
σ=1

σ = 1.5
ƒ

σ=2

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
9. Symmetry and Kurtosis
Symmetry means that the population is equally
distributed around the mean i.e. the curve to the
right side of the mean is a mirror image of the
curve to the left side
ƒ

Mean, median and mode

Symmetry
Data may be positively skewed (skewed to the right)
ƒ

Or negatively skewed (skewed to the left)

So direction of skew
refers to the direction of
ƒ

longer tail
 Symmetry

mode

median
ƒ

mean
Kurtosis refers to how flat or peaked a curve is
(sometimes referred to as peakedness or tailedness)

The normal curve is

ƒ

known as mesokurtic

A more peaked curve is

known as leptokurtic
ƒ

A flatter curve is known as

platykurtic
 Soal dikerjakan
1. Banyaknya gol yang dibuat tim Singo Edan
pada musim kompetisi tahun lalu adalah 4, 9,
0, 1, 3, 24, 12, 3, 30, 12, 7, 13, 18, 4, 5, dan
15. Dengan menganggap data tersebut
sebagai contoh, hitunglah varian, simpangan
baku dan koefisien keragamannya.
2. The mean of snacks weight is 278 g by pack
and deviation standard is 9,64 g, and than we
have 10 packs. If they are bought from ten
different stores, mean of price is Rp. 1200,-
and its deviation standard is Rp 90,-, which
one have more homogenous, the weight or the
price. Explain your answer.
 Soal dikerjakan
3. Some properties of the standard deviation
 If a fixed number c is added to all measurements in a
data set, will the deviations remain changed? And
consequentyl, will s² and s remain changed, too?
 If all measurements in a data set are multiplied by a
fixed number d, the deviation get multiplied by d. Is it
right? What about the s² and s?
4. The teacher’s salary, abbreviated, as follows : 18,
15, 21, 19, 13, 15, 14, 23, 18 and 16 rupiah. If
these abbreviation is real salary divide Rp.
100.000,-, find the variance of them.