GROUP 5

Agna, Paolo O.
Caralde, Gemicah C.
Escalona, Lorise Marie R.
Gonzales, Aurah Mae O.
Mañoza, Vicente III D.
Orcini, Ve
 EXERCISE 2

GLOBAL POSITIONING
SYSTEM
• world wide navigation system
• The system was functional in 1994
• It was first use for military purpose, and
when the cost decrease, mostly scientist
and sportsmen use it
• GPS permits an operator to know the
exact location on the planet
• The GPS system relies on a constellation of 24
NAVSTAR satellites.
• It continuously broadcast information that can
be receive and interpreted by GPS receivers on
the ground
• The satellites keep time using a atomic clock
that looses or gains one second every 30,000
years
 EXERCISE 3

TERRESTRIAL SAMPLING
TECHNIQUES
 QUADRAT

• Square sample unit or plot

 TRANSECT
• Cross section of an area used as a sample for
recording, mapping, or studying vegetation
• One dimensional
 POINT- QUARTER METHOD

• Most useful
• Individual plants are widely spaced
• Large shrubs or trees
 LICHENS
 a combination of a fungus and an alga (plant) growing together in a
relationship called symbiosis

 tolerant to air pollution

 tolerate extremes of both temperature and lack of water

 thrive in places where you would not expect to find living things, such as
growing on bare rock

 absorb much of their raw materials directly from the air and moisture
around them
 very sensitive to air pollution and acid rain.
Locality: UST Benavides Park Quadrat
Size: 1.0m x 2.0m
 RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS

The bearings found on location

was
Location: N 14° 36.527
±14 ft. E 120°59.421
The elevation was 32°
Relative abundance=
Total individuals spp A x 100
Total individuals all spp
 QUADRAT
SPECIES TALLY ni RDi (%)
Paspalum XXXXXXXXXXXXX 41 91
conjugatum Berg XXXXXXXXXXXXX
(Carabao grass) XXXXXXXXXXXXX
XX
  X 1 22
Saraca
thaipingesis
Pterocarpus indicus XXX 3 6.6
 B
SPECIES TALLY ni RDi (%)

Samanea saman XX 2 6.25

Species B XXXXXXXXX 9 28.1

Ants XXXXX 5 15.6

Tick X 1 3.1

mosses XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 15 46.9

 C
SPECIES TALLY ni RDi (%)
Saraca thaipingesis X 1 2.5

Narra tree X 1 2.5

Red ant XXXXX 1 2.5
Paspalum conjugatum XXXXXXXXXXXXX 27 67.5
Berg (Carabao grass)  XXXXXXXXXXXXX
X
Species B XXXXX 5 12.5
Pansit pansitan XX 2 5
Grass C XXX 3 7.5
• Simpson’s diversity index – used to measure
species richness and evenness distribution
• Simpson divesrsity for:
• Transect A = 0.79
• Transect B = 0.32
• Transect C = 0.44
In the quadrat method, it is very evident
that the Species A or known as the carabao
grass is the most abundant among the
species found in the whole quadrat.
 TRANSECT
SPECIES TALLY ni RDi (%)

Pterocarpus indicus X 1 3.1

Paspalum XXXXXXXXXXXXX 23 71.9

conjugatum Berg XXXXXXXXX
(Carabao grass)

Species B XXXXXXXX 8 25
B
SPECIES TALLY ni RDi (%)

Species A XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 29 69
XXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Narra X 1 2.3

Species C XXXXXXXXXXXX 12 28.5

 C
SPECIES TALLY ni RDi (%)

Narra X 1 6.2

Pansit pansitan XXX 3 18.75

 

Species C XXXXXXXXXXXX 12 75
By using the line-intercept method, we have
arrived to the conclusion that since Narra is the
only species of tree that is present in the
randomly selected intercept, it is the most
abundant species in the transect line.
 POINT- QUARTER METHOD
SPECIES TALLY ni RDi (%)

Saraca X 1 3
thaipingesis

Paspalum XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 26 78.8

conjugatum Berg XXXXXXXXXX
(Carabao grass)

Species B XXXXXX 6 18
 B
SPECIES TALLY ni RDi (%)

Narra X 1 2.7

Paspalum XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 32 88.8

conjugatum XXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Berg (Carabao
grass)
Species C XXX 3 8.3
 C
SPECIES TALLY ni RDi (%)

Carabao grass XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 32 32.6

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Carabao grass XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 27 27.5
XXXXXXXXXXXX

Carabao grass XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 39 39.8

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXX
Simpson’s index diversity;

Transect A = 0.48

Transect B = 0.504

Transect C = 0.32
For the point quarter method, evidently
it is the carabao grass that has the
largest number, therefore is the most
abundant.
 LICHENS
It was found that there were no lichens in the
area assigned.