2.

3 Railway Track Geometrics

Necessity for Geometric Design
1

The need for proper geometric design of a track arises

because of the following considerations:-
a) To ensure the smooth and safe running of trains
b) To achieve maximum speeds
c) To carry heavy axle loads
d) To avoid accidents and derailments due to a defective
permanent way
e) To ensure that the track requires least maintenance.
f) For good aesthetics
Geometric Design
2

 The geometric design of a railway track includes

a) Gradients in the track, including grade compensation,
rising gradient, and falling gradient.
b) Curvature of the track, including horizontal and vertical
curves, transition curves, sharpness of the curve in terms of
radius or degree of the curve, superelevation on curves, etc.
c) Alignment of the track, including straight as well as
curved alignment.
The Horizontal (plane) section of rail line
3

1. Constituent part of the

curve:
 The circular curve is

set when the line turns.

 It includes:

 Curve radius, R
 Corner angle,
 Curve length, L
 Tangent length, T
 Long Chord, Lc
 Middle ordinate, M
 External distance. E
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Circular curve
 Without the consideration of easement curve, the circular
curve can be calculated:
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Curve radius’s effect for operating:

 It is harmful while it is small, because:

 Limit the speed of train

 Increase wheel abrasion

 Increase rail equipment

 Increase maintenance costs

 2. Easement curve
6  Easement curve is a transition curve which is inserted
between straight line and circular curve.
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 It is a curve which connect the straight section of the

track at one end and the circular curve at the other end.
 It eliminates kink, this kink will cause a distortion of
track alignment & will affect the stability of the rolling
stock.
 Purpose
 for safety and riding comfort.
 Reduction in radius of curvature at uniform
rate(from the infinite to circular curve radius R)
 Smooth traversing of train
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3.Super elevation:
 Raisingthe outside rail a distance h in mm above the inside rail
1. Elevate outside rail by e or
2. elevate outside rail by e/2 and lower inside rail by e/2.
 Function of super elevation
 To counteract the effect of Centrifugal force, Fc
 Both wheels bear equally the rails
 Both rails will be equally stressed and weared
 Acceptable traveling comfort
 High track stability and safe train operation
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4. Same directional curve, reverse curve and

intermediate straight line
 2.3 Railway Track Geometrics
The longitudinal section of rail line
11

 The longitudinal section of rail line is consisted of flat

road, ramp and vertical curve
1-The gradient and vertical curve
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13

The pusher grade:

 One some special hard section, we can
 Build a tunnel to cross it
 Or use a ramp with its gradient beyond the limiting
gradient, which is called the pusher grade.
Vertical Curves
14
15
16
2.4 Branching of Tracks
Points or Switch, Crossings and Turnout
18

Introduction
 The tracks may be parallel to, diverging from, or converging
with each other for this case Points and crossings are provided
to help transfer railway vehicles from one track to another.

 The points or switches aid in diverting the vehicles and the

crossings provide gaps in the rails so as to help the flanged
wheels to roll over them.

 A complete set of points and crossings, along with lead rails,

is called a turnout.
Important Terms
19

 Turnout :- It is an arrangement of points and crossings

with lead rails by means of which the rolling stock may
be diverted from one track to another.
Direction of a turnout:-
when standing at the toe of a
A turnout is designated as a
switch, if one looks in the
right-hand or a left-hand
direction of the crossing, it is
turnout depending on whether
called the facing direction and
it diverts the traffic to the
the opposite direction is called
right or to the left.
the trailing direction.
Turnout is an important part of the rail, as its large quantity, short
life, limited speed and low safety, it is called the three big weak
links with the curve and the joint.
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Important Terms
21

 Tongue rail :- It is a tapered movable rail, made of high

carbon or manganese steel to withstand wear. At its thicker
end, it is attached to a running rail. A tongue rail is also
called a switch rail.
 Stock rail :- It is the running rail against which a tongue rail
operates.
 Points or switch :- A pair of tongue and stock rails with the
necessary connections and fittings forms a switch.
 Crossing :- A crossing is a device introduced at the junction
where two rails cross each other to permit the wheel flange
of a railway vehicle to pass from one track to another.
Switches
 A set of points
or switches
consists of the
following main
constituents
Important Terms
23

Crossing
 A crossing or frog is a device introduced at the point

where two gauge faces cross each other to permit the

flanges of a railway vehicle to pass from one track to
another
 Track Junctions and Simple Track Layouts
24

Introduction
 Track junctions are formed by the combination of points

and crossings.
 Their main objective is to transfer rail vehicles from one

track to another or to enable them to cross from one track

to another.
 Depending upon the requirements of traffic, there can be

several types of track junctions with simple track layouts.

 The most commonly used layouts are discussed in the

following sections.
 Track Junctions and Simple Track Layouts
25

 The most commonly Used Track Junctions layouts

are :-
1. Turnout of Similar Flexure
2. Turnout of Contrary Flexure
7. Diamond Crossing
3. Symmetrical Split
a. Single Slip
4. Three-throw Switch
b. Double Slip
5. Double Turnout
8. Scissors Crossover
6. Crossover Between Two
Parallel Tracks with an 9. Gauntletted Track
Intermediate Straight Length 10. Gathering Line
11. Triangle
12. Double Junctions
 Track Junctions and Simple Track Layouts
26

1. Turnout of Similar Flexure

 is one that continues to run in the same direction as the main
line curve even after branching off from it.
 The degree of the turnout curve is higher than that of the
main line curve.
 Track Junctions and Simple Track Layouts
27

2. Turnout of Contrary Flexure

 is one that takes off towards the direction opposite to that of

the main line curve.

 Track Junctions and Simple Track Layouts
28

3. Symmetrical Split
 When a straight track splits up in two different directions

with equal radii, the layout is known as a symmetrical split

 In other words, a symmetrical split is a contrary flexure in

which the radii of the two curves are the same.

 Track Junctions and Simple Track Layouts
29

4. Three-throw Switch
 In a three-throw arrangement, two turnouts take off from the

same point of a main line track.

 A three-throw switch can have contrary flexure or similar

flexure
 Track Junctions and Simple Track Layouts
30

5. Double Turnout or tandem

 is an improvement over a three-throw switch.

 In a double turnout, turnouts are staggered and take off from the

main line at two different places.

 This eliminates the defects of a three-throw switch, as the heels of

the two switches are kept at a certain distance from each

other.
 The distance between the two sets of switches should be adequate

to allow room for the usual throw of the point.

 Double turnouts can be of similar flexure, when the two turnouts

take off on the same side of track or of contrary flexure, when the
two turnouts take off in two different directions
 Track Junctions and Simple Track Layouts
31

5. Double Turnout or tandem

 Double turnouts are mostly used in congested areas,

particularly where traffic is heavy, so as to economize on

space.
 Track Junctions and Simple Track Layouts
32

6. Crossover Between Two Parallel Tracks with an

Intermediate Straight Length
 two parallel tracks at a distance ‘D’ from each other are
connected by a crossover with a small length of the straight
portion of the track (ST) lying between the two theoretical noses
of the crossing.
 Track Junctions and Simple Track Layouts
33

7. Diamond Crossing
 is provided when two tracks of either the same gauge or of different
gauges cross each other.

 In a diamond crossing, the tracks cross each other, but the trains
from either track cannot change track
 Slips are provided to allow vehicles to change track. The slip
arrangement can be either single slip or double slip.
 Track Junctions and Simple Track Layouts
34

7. Diamond Crossing
a) Single Slip
 In single slips, there are two sets of joints, the vehicle from only
one direction can change tracks.
 In the single slip shown in Figure below, the train on track A can
change to track D, whereas the train on track C remains on the
same track, continuing onto track D.
 Track Junctions and Simple Track Layouts
35

7. Diamond Crossing
b) Double Slip
 In the case of double slips, there are four sets of points, and
trains from both directions can change tracks.
 In the double slip shown in Figure below, the trains on both
tracks A and C can move onto either track B or D.
 Track Junctions and Simple Track Layouts
36

8. Scissors Crossover
 is meant for transferring a vehicle from one track to another
track and vice versa.
 It is provided where lack of space does not permit the provision
of two separate crossovers.
 Track Junctions and Simple Track Layouts
37

9. Gauntletted Track
 This is a temporary diversion provided on a double-line track to allow
one of the tracks to shift and pass through the other track.
 Both the tracks run together on the same sleepers. It proves to be a
useful connection when one side of a bridge on a double-line section
is required to be blocked for major repairs or rebuilding.
 The specialty of this layout is that there are two crossings at the ends
and no switches.
 Track Junctions and Simple Track Layouts
38

9. Gauntletted Track…..cont’d
 Gauntletted tracks are also used on sections where trains have to
operate on mixed gauges, example, both Broad Gauge (BG) and
Meter Gauge (MG), for a short stretch. In such cases both the tracks
are laid on the same set of wooden sleepers
 Track Junctions and Simple Track Layouts
39

10. Gathering Line

 A gathering line (also called a ladder track) is a track where a number
of parallel tracks gather or merge. Alternatively, a number of parallel
tracks also branch off from a gathering line.
 Track Junctions and Simple Track Layouts
40

11. Triangle
 A triangle is mostly provided in terminal yards for changing the
direction of an engine.
 a triangle is provided if enough land is available.
 The concept of change of direction of the engine was more
relevant in the case of steam locomotives and is not applicable to
electric and diesel locomotives, which can be operated
conveniently from both sides.
 Track Junctions and Simple Track Layouts
41

11. Triangle
 Track Junctions and Simple Track Layouts
42

12. Double Junctions

 is required when two or more main line tracks are running and other
tracks are branching off from these main line tracks in the same
direction.
 The layout of a double junction consists of ordinary turnouts with one
or more diamond crossings depending upon the number of parallel
tracks.
 Track Junctions and Simple Track Layouts
43

12. Double Junctions…..cont’d

 Double junctions may occur either on straight or curved main lines
and the branch lines may also be either single or double lines.
 These types of junctions are quite common in congested yards.
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