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Diagnosis of Pregnancy and Maternal Assessment
Diagnosis of Pregnancy and Maternal Assessment
AND MATERNAL
ASSESSMENT
PRESUMPTIVE SIGNS OF THE PREGNANCY
• Breast changes.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Amenorrhoea.
• Frequent urination.
• Fatigue and uterine
enlargement.
• Quickening.
• Linea nigra.
• Melasma.
• Striae gravidarum
PROBABLE SIGNS OF PREGNANCY
Chadwick’s sign.
Goodell’s sign.
Hegar’s sign.
Evidence on ultrasound of gestational
sac.
Ballotment.
Braxton’s hick contraction.
Fetal outline felt by the examiner.
POSITIVE SIGNS OF PREGNANCY
SUBJECTIVE SYMPTOMS:
Amenorrhoea
Morning sickness
Frequency of micturition
Breast discomfort
Fatigue
OBJECTIVE SIGNS
Breast changes:
Per abdomen
Pelvic changes
Jacquemer’s
sign 8th week
Vaginal sign
osiander’s sign
8th week
Cervical signs
Goodell’s sign
6th week
Uterine signs
Hegar’s sign
between 6-10 weeks
Palmer’s sign
as early as 4-8 weeks
IMMUNOLOGICAL TESTS FOR THE
DIAGNOSIS OF PREGNANCY
External ballotment
Auscultation:
Fetal heart sound:
Uterine souffle:
INVESTIGATIONS:
Sonography:
MRI
LAST TRIMESTER
SYMPTOMS:
Amenorrhoea persists.
Enlargement of the abdomen
Lightening
Frequency of micturition
Fetal movements
SIGNS:
Cutaneous changes
Uterine shape: it is changed from
FHS
Sonography
Amniotic fluid
assessment is done to detect
oligohydramnios[AFI<5] or
polyhydramnios[AFI>25].
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF
PREGNANCY
Pseudocyesis
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
Baseline height and weight
measurement
Vital signs
Head and scalp
Eyes
Nose
Ears
Mouth and oral cavity
Neck
Breasts
Thorax
Back
Rectum
Inspection
Palpation
Genetic screen
Blood typing
HIV testing
URINALYSIS
ULTRASONOGRAPHY
1ST TRIMESTER 2ND 3RD TRIMESTER
Confirm pregnancy Establish Confirm gestational age
or
Confirm viability confirm date Confirm viability
Determine gestational Confirm viability Detect macrosomia
age Detect Detect congenital
Rule out ectopic polyhydramnios, anomalies
pregnancy oligohy- dramnios Detect IUGR
Detect multiple Detect congenital Determine fetal position
gestation anomalies Detect placenta previa or
Use for visualization Detect IUGR abruptio placentae
during chori- onic Confirm placenta visualization during
villus sampling placement amnio- centesis, external
Detect maternal visualization version
abnormalities during amnio- Biophysical profile
centesis Amniotic fluid volume
Detect placental maturity
Components of Ultrasound Examination by Trimester
First Trimester Second and Third Trimester
1. Gestational sac location 1.Fetal number; multifetal
2. Embryo and/or yolk sac gestations: amnionicity, chorionicity,
identification 3. Crown-rump fetal sizes, amnionic fluid volume,
length and fetal genitalia, if visualized
4. Cardiac activity 2. Presentation
5.Fetal number, including 3. Fetal cardiac activity
amnionicity and chorionicity of 4.Placental location and its
multiples when possible relationship to the internal cervical
6.Assessment of os
embryonic/fetal anatomy 5. Amnionic fluid volume
appropriate for the first 6. Gestational age
trimester 7. Evaluation of the 7. Fetal weight
uterus, adnexa, and cul-de-sac 8.Evaluation of the uterus, adnexa,
8. Assessment of the fetal and cervix
nuchal region if possible 9.Fetal anatomical survey,
including documentation of
technical limitations
SONOGRAPHIC EVALUATIONS
The standard
specialized examinations
limited examination
Nuchal Translucency
Fetal Biometry
Gestational Age
Amnionic Fluid
Fetal weight
Shepard’s formula:
Log 10 EFW[gm]=1.2508+(0.166*BPD)
+0.046*AC)- (0.002646*AC*BPD).
Hadlock’s formula:
Log 10 EFW[gm]= 1.3596-
0.00386(AC*FL)+0.0064(AC)=0.00061
(BPD*AC)+0.0425(AC)
SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN HIGH RISK
PREGNANCY
Maternal serum alpha fetoprotein
Triple test
Amniocentesis
Cordocentesis
Vaginal bleeding
Persistent vomiting
Chills and fever
Sudden escape of clear fluid from
vagina
Abdominal or chest pain
Increase or decrease in fetal
movement
MINOR AILMENTS DURING
PREGNANCY
Morning sickness
Heartburn
Varicose veins
Backache
Breathlessness
Palpitations
Vaginal discharge
Constipation