MOBILE COMMUNICATION

• Mobile phones have their roots in radiophones.

• Due to their low establishment costs and quick
deployment, mobile phone networks have since
spread rapidly throughout the world,
outstripping the growth of fixed telephony.
• The concepts of frequency reuse and handoff as
well as a number of other concepts that formed
the basis of modern Cell Phone or mobile
phone.
 Generation of mobile
phones
• First generation or 1G
• Second generation or 2G
• Third generation or 3G
 First Generation

• First Generation
• First Generation Mobile Phones (Also known
as 1G ) came into vogue first in the United
States of America in 1973.
• It used analog signals and hence needed more
than one base stations which were closely
located.
 Features of First generation

• Analog voice signaling was use.

• Less Secure
• Not much reliable networks.
• No SMS and Roaming Facility.
• Example: Advanced Mobile Phone System
(AMPS) is the analog mobile phone system
standard developed by Bell Labs.
 Second Generation
• Second Generation Mobile Phones (Also known
as 2G ) adopt the system of digital signaling in
order to establish a connection between the
radio towers.
• first digital cellular phone call was made in the
United States in 1990 and still in use.
• Second Generation Mobile Phones were digital
circuit and the use of advanced and fast phone to
network signaling.
• Frequency was much higher.
• Features of 2G Digital technology introduced
More Secure
• Increased capacity and quality
• It cannot normally transfer data, such as or
software.
• SMS and Roaming introduced for the first
Time.
• Common example are GSM and CDMA
 GSM – GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE
COMMUNICATION

• GSM technology which stands for GLOBAL

SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION, The
GSM belonging to TDMA is the most widely used
technology across the world and was first started
in Finland
• Phase I of GSM specifications was published in
1990
 System Architecture

• Mobile Station (MS)

• Mobile Equipment (ME)
• Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
• Base Station Subsystem (BBS)
• Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
• Base Station Controller (BSC)
• Network Subsystem
• Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
• Home Location Register (HLR)
• Visitor Location Register (VLR)
• Authentication Center (AUC)
• Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
 Mobile Equipment (ME)

• Produced by many different manufacturers

• Must obtain approval from the standardization body
• Uniquely identified by an IMEI (International Mobile Equipment
Identity
• Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
• Smart card containing the International Mobile Subscriber
Identity (IMSI)
• Allows user to send and receive calls and receive other
subscribed services
• Encoded network identification details
• Protected by a password or PIN
• Can be moved from phone to phone – contains key information
to activate the phone
• Base Station Subsystem is composed of two
parts that communicate across the
standardized interface allowing operation
between components made by different
suppliers
• Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
• Base Station Controller (BSC)
 Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

• Houses the radio transceivers that define a cell

• Handles radio-link protocols with the Mobile
Station
• Speech and data transmissions from the MS are
recoded
• Requirements for BTS:
• reliability
• portability
• minimum costs
 Base Station Controller (BSC)

• Manages Resources for BTS

• Handles call set up
• Location update
• Handover for each MS
 Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
• Switch speech and data connections between:
• Base Station Controllers
• Mobile Switching Centers
• GSM-networks
• Other external networks
• Heart of the network
• Three main jobs:
• 1) connects calls from sender to receiver
• 2) collects details of the calls made and received
• 3) supervises operation of the rest of the network
components
 Home Location Registers (HLR)

• Contains administrative information of each

subscriber
• Current location of the mobile
• Visitor Location Registers (VLR)
• contains selected administrative information from
the HLR
• authenticates the user
• tracks which customers have the phone on and
ready to receive a call
• periodically updates the database on which
phones are turned on and ready to receive calls
• Authentication Center (AUC)
• Mainly used for security
• Data storage location and functional part of
the network
• Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
• Database that is used to track handsets using
the IMEI (International Mobile Equipment
Identity)
• Made up of three sub-classes: The White List,
The Black List and the Gray List
• Basic Features Provided by GSM
• Call Waiting
• Notification of an incoming call while on the handset
• Call Hold
• Put a caller on hold to take another call
• All calls, outgoing calls, or incoming calls
• Call Forwarding
• Calls can be sent to various numbers defined by the
user
• Multi Party Call Conferencing
• Link multiple calls together
• Present scenario
• 2.5G is a stepping stone between 2G and 3G
cellular wireless technologies.
• 2.5G provides some of the benefits of 3G (e.g.
it is packet-switched) and can use some of the
existing 2G infrastructure such as GSM
networks.
• GPRS and EDGM services got introduced due to
the increase in the demand of internet.
 3rd Generation
• 3G was introduced in the United States early in
2002.
• send data up to 40 times the rates of earlier
digital networks.
• Applicable to mobile as well as fixed wireless
systems.
• Should be operational on, above and below the
earth.
• Example: UMTS
 Possibilities with 3G
• Mobile internet connectivity. Mobile e-mail.
• Multimedia services such as digital photos.
• Wireless application downloading.
• Video on demand.
Weighing in at 2 pounds, the Motorola DynaTac provided
30 minutes of talk time and took roughly 10 hours to
charge.
 2G
• Following the success of 1G, 2G launched
on the Global System for Mobile
Communications (GSM) in Finland in
1991.
• As texting, downloading, and talking over
the phone became more popular, the 2G
network led to the massive adoption of
cellphones on both the consumer and
business side. Yet, as more and more
people began using cell phones, the
demand for data snowballed.
 3G

• Deployed for the public in Japan by NTT

DoCoMo in 2001, 3G focused on
standardizing vendors’ network
protocol. In turn, users could access
data from anywhere, which allowed
international roaming services to begin.
• Compared to 2G, 3G had four times the
data transferring capabilities reaching
up to 2 Mbps on average
• The smartphone offered a calendar, music, full keyboard,
advanced security, and internet access.
 Released in 2008, the iPhone 3G or (iPhone 2) paved the way for
smartphones today. Apple’s cellphone demand was so high that 1 million
iPhone 3Gs sold over the opening weekend.
 4G

• Introduced for commercial use in Norway near

the end of 2009, 4G offered today’s standard
services.
• Starting at a minimum of 12.5 Mbps, 4G
provided high-quality video streaming/chat,
fast mobile web access, HD videos, and online
gaming. Compared to a simple SIM card switch
from 2G to 3G, mobile devices needed to be
specifically designed to support 4G.
The iPhone 6 (left) was Apple’s best-selling smartphone to date,
but the Samsung Galaxy S4 (right) was also a trendy smartphone
and the best-selling Android-powered mobile phone ever.
• By mid-2011, Canada launched its first LTE(Long-
term evolution) wireless network in Ottawa,
Ontario, thanks to Rogers. The release offered
speeds just under 12.5 Mbps labelling it 4G LTE.
Today though, speeds are faster. In 2020,
Canada’s median 4G download speed was 55.5
Mbps.
• During 4 G’s reign, the best-selling cellphones
included the iPhone 6 at 22.4 million units and
the Samsung Galaxy S4 at 80 million units
worldwide.
 5G
• South Korea was the first country to offer 5G in
March 2019. The 5th generation was rolled out by
KT, LG Uplus, and SK Telecom – all South Korean
telecom providers. 5G in Canada has already been
introduced in major cities
• Some experts now claim that 5G will be 20 times
faster than 4G. In fact, the median 5G download
speed in Canada is 169.46 Mbps. That’s already
205% faster than 4G!
• Another big difference between 4G and 5G is its
latency and bandwidth size.
Image Source: BlackBerry Mobile
• In the health industry alone, 5G is
revolutionizing how medical professionals and
patients work together. On 5G’s network,
Artificial Intelligence will soon diagnose and
develop treatment plans for you better than
your doctor ever could. Soon, robots could
walk on farmer’s fields, monitoring crop
conditions and harvesting grain.
Difference between mHealth and Telehealth

• The difference between mHealth and telehealth,

then, is that telehealth refers to all instances of
healthcare via the use of modern technology
• whereas mHealth refers to the concept of
mobile self-care — consumer technologies like
smartphone and tablet apps that enable
consumers to capture their own health data,
without a clinician’s assistance or interpretation.
 How is mHealth used?

• The most common digital health applications for mHealth

include:
• Education and awareness
• Diagnostic and treatment support
• Disease and epidemic outbreak tracking
• Healthcare supply chain management
• Remote data collection
• Remote monitoring
• Healthcare worker telecommunication and training
• Telehealth / telemedicine
• Chronic disease management
 What Are Mobile Health Solutions?

• Physicians and patients can use a range of

mobile health solutions to improve their quality
of care and access to critical wellness resources.
• Common mobile health solutions include:
• Online or Remote Consultations
• Electronic Health Records
• Mobile Data Tracking
• Wearable Devices
 Online or Remote Consultations

• Instead of having to schedule in-person

appointments and waste time and money
commuting to a doctor’s office, patients can
conduct virtual visits.
• They might use video conferencing software
platforms, digital tools provided by their
doctor’s office or hospital or third-party
mobile apps.
 Electronic Health Records

• Electronic health records (EHRs) can help

patients and healthcare providers more easily
access, transfer and update information.
• EHRs can be instrumental in determining the
best healthcare treatments for patients,
identifying possible risks among similar groups
and recommending preventive measures for
certain populations.
 Mobile Data Tracking
• Patients can use health and fitness apps to track their
personal health data, such as their insulin levels and body
temperature.
• Physicians can also access this data in real time to quickly
make diagnoses, identify life-threatening changes in vital
statistics and analyze sudden symptoms.
• Internet-connected medical devices can also collect data and
transmit it to other devices, healthcare providers and EHRs.
• Examples of these devices include insulin pumps, heart
monitors and ingestible sensors.
• If these devices use artificial intelligence or machine learning
technologies, they may even be able to provide diagnoses
and contact relevant specialists on their own.
 Benefits of Mobile Health Technology
• Allowing patients and their physicians to maintain consistent contact through
virtual consultations, rather than relying on in-person appointments
• Providing care for elderly patients who need constant support due to chronic
conditions and patients who cannot easily leave their homes
• Helping patients access essential health information quickly, which can minimize
extra costs such as for unnecessary hospital visits
• Tracking symptoms in real-time for quick diagnoses and expert feedback
• Personalizing health data and treatment programs for each patient
• Reducing human error through electronic record-keeping and real-time data
collection
• Allowing patients to track and monitor their own medical conditions and be
proactive about potential treatments
• Reducing the spread of disease and infection by conducting virtual appointments
• Decreasing hospital costs by cutting down on paper usage and waste
• Providing reminders to patients to take their medicine, check their vitals or record
their symptoms that don’t require the intervention of their physician or caretaker
 How Do Mobile Health Apps Help Patients?

• Mobile health apps put vital healthcare solutions,

expert insights and educational resources right into
patients’ hands.
• These apps can help people with a range of health
and wellness tasks, such as tracking cancer
treatment programs, maintaining exercise regimens,
improving mental health practices and supporting
breastfeeding routines.
• They can also integrate with EHRs to ensure patient
data is comprehensive and up to date.
 Mobile health apps
• some of the most common types of mobile health
apps include:
• Diabetes apps, such as for monitoring blood sugar
levels
• Pregnancy apps, such as for tracking a baby’s growth
• Weight loss apps, such as for recording progress and
fitness gains
• Chronic illness apps, such as for documenting
symptoms over time
 Types of mHealth
• mHealth is rapidly becoming established as a tool in
both primary and secondary disease prevention
mainly through educational and motivational
• used for patient monitoring and early detection of
health decompensation in patients with chronic
disease
•  There are various mobile platforms through which
this can be achieved, including simple text messages
(SMS messages) and video conferencing, as well as
more complex smartphone and internet‐enabled
applications  and remote patient monitoring devices.
 Video conferencing

• Video conferencing, a component of

telemedicine familiar to many physicians, can
now be conducted through wireless technologies
and is thus a part of the mHealth movement.
• Although a viable alternative in some
circumstances, one systematic review suggested
there is little evidence of clinical benefits of video
conferencing when compared with face‐to‐face
patient care.
 Text messaging

• Text messaging as a means of delivering

mobile healthcare provides an opportunity for
one‐way delivery of information regarding
healthy behaviour awareness.
•  Despite its non‐interactive nature, the efficacy
of text messaging in mHealth is well
established, and is especially strong with
regards to impact on risk factors for
cardiovascular disease