Final term presentation

Air cargo
Team members

 AHMAHD MUGHAL 042

 FAHEEM HASSAN 003
 Arslan SHAH 001
 NOMAN 017
 AKASH 044
Effects of Improper Loading on Aircraft

Effects of Weight:
 Anything in an aero plane that adds to the overall weight is counterproductive in terms of
performance. Aircraft manufacturers strive to reduce the weight of a plane without losing
its structural integrity or safety.
 Always remember that overloading might have serious repercussions for your plane's
performance. Even if an overloaded aircraft is able to take off, its flying qualities may be
very bad. First signs of poor performance might be seen on takeoff if the plane isn't
adequately loaded.
Weight Changes

 A heavier gross weight will result in a longer takeoff run .

 During a flight, an airplane's weight constantly changes as the aircraft consumes fuel.
The distribution of the weight and the center of gravity also changes.

 For example, At some stage in flight, normally fuel burning is the only weight
changes that occurs is due to gasoline use. If the aircraft used more fuel the aircraft
become lighter and their performance is improved on that time Changing a plane's
equipment has a major impact on its overall weight. The aircraft weight may be increased
or decreased by the addition or removal of instruments, repairs, or other alterations
Balance, Stability, and Center of Gravity

 Stability & safety in flight are both dependent on the placement of an aircraft's center of
seriousness (CG).
 The aircraft middle of significance is the tip at which the aircraft would sense of balance if
hanging at that location.
 If it were halted at that moment, the balance would be restored.
 The center of mass (CG) is the point at which the plane is completely balanced on all axes.
 Load your airplane improperly, and it will affect its fuel consumption, speed, rate of
climb, controllability, ceiling, and even structural integrity.
Effects of Adverse Balance

 Adverse balancing circumstances have similar effects on flight characteristics to those

indicated for an excess weight condition
 All aircraft must adhere to the weight and balance regulations set by the FAA.
 Operating beyond the maximum weight limit compromises the aircraft's structural
integrity and can have a negative impact on performance.
 Improper balance also affects stability and control.
Stability

 When a plane is loaded nose-heavy, it's difficult to control and raise the nose, especially
during takeoff and landing.
 Tail-heavy loading has a significant impact on longitudinal stability and limits the capacity
to recover from stalls and spins.
 Another unwanted feature of tail heavy loading is that it provides extremely light control
forces.
 This makes it possible for a pilot to overstress an aircraft by accident.
Control

 CG nose-heaviness may occur if the forward limit of the CG position is exceeded, making
recovery or flare landing difficult or impossible.
 Manufacturers intentionally position the forward CG limit as far back as possible to help
pilots prevent damage upon landing.
 As well as decreasing of both static and dynamic longitudinal stability
 CG placements above the permitted range may also produce considerable control
problems, dramatic stall characteristics, and low control forces, making it simple to
unintentionally stress an aero plane.
Excess weight has an important effect on the
aircraft's performance
 Range reduction
 decreased cruising speed
 increased stalling speed
 increased speed during takeoff and landing
 more weight on the nose or on tail wheel
 longer takeoff run
 increased stalling speed
Aircraft types:

 There are TWO main types

 Narrow those with narrow fuselage tubes,
 Wide-Body aircraft those with wide fuselage tubes.
 The normal diameter of a narrow-body aircraft is 3-4 meters,
 whereas the typical diameter of a wide-body plane is 5-6 meters.
 Wide-body planes can accommodate more passengers due to their longer wings and more
seats. Larger aircraft have two aisles, but narrow body aircraft or smaller planes have one
aisle.
 Accidents and Incidents

Aircraft Loading
The following events listed on SKY bray are related to Cargo
(wide body).
 A333 in Sydney, Australia, in 2017 During a Sydney-to-Beijing Airbus A330-300
passenger jet on December 17, 2017,
 it was discovered that the freight loading on the load as well as trim sheet presented to the
Captain and accepted by him was not correctly documented
 As a result, this same aircraft must have exceeded it's own certified MTOW on departing.
Contributing factors

 The Failure to action the LIR.

 The Exceedance of MTOW.
 The Delay on Reporting
 An operational requirement for additional holding fuel resulted in the issuing of a revised
load instruction to carry less cargo. This instruction was not actioned and led to a heavier
freight pallet remaining on board the aircraft, instead of being exchanged for a lighter
unit. The aircraft subsequently departed Sydney 875 kg above the weight listed in the
revised load sheet and 494 kg above the aircraft's maximum take-off weight.
 Accidents and Incidents

Aircraft Loading
The following events listed on SKY bray are related to Cargo
Narrow body
 It was taken at Madang in PNG in 2013 by AT43.
 While leaving Madang on October 19, 2013
 An ATR42 freighter became stuck in a small stream outside of the airfield's boundary when its rotation became
difficult.
 Investigators concluded the aircraft's center of gravity was beyond the authorized range and it weighed more
than it should have.
 This was blamed on the airline's inability to properly receive and load goods.
 The lack of a RESA makes it difficult to properly manage the runway overrun risk, and this was also brought to
light
Contributing Factor

 The overall load of the aircraft exceeded the

maximum allowable load,
 The aircraft's mass and center of gravity were not
within the permissible limitations
packaging

 It's critical to make and seal packages in such a manner that the contents don't get
misplaced.
 The packaging must be sealed in line with the manufacturer's recommendations.
 Any potentially dangerous residue must be removed from the packaging's outside.
Materials that are absorbent and cushioning must be compatible with the contents of the
box..
DGR PACKING instruction of each classes

 For liquid substances:

 The primary receptacle(s) must be leak-proof and must not contain more than 1 L;
 2. The secondary packaging must be leak-proof;
 3. If multiple fragile primary receptacles are placed in a single secondary packaging, they
must be either individually wrapped or separated to prevent contact between them;
 The outer packaging must not contain more than 4 L. This quantity excludes ice, dry ice or
liquid nitrogen when used to keep specimens cold.
DGR PACKING instruction of each classes

 For solid substances:

 1. The primary receptacle(s) must be sift proof and must not exceed the outer packaging
weight limit;
 2. The secondary packaging must be sift proof;
 3. If multiple fragile primary receptacles are placed in a single secondary packaging, they
must be either individually wrapped or separated to prevent contact between them;
 If there is any doubt as to whether or not residual liquid may be present in the primary
receptacle during transport then a packaging suitable for liquids, including absorbent
materials, must be used.
Specific Requirements

 Refrigerated or frozen specimens: Ice, dry ice and liquid nitrogen:

 When dry ice or liquid nitrogen is used to keep specimens cold, all applicable
requirements of these Regulations must be met.
 When used, ice or dry ice must be placed outside the secondary packagings or in the outer
packaging or an overpack. Interior supports must be provided to secure the secondary
packagings in the original position after the ice or dry ice has dissipated. If ice is used, the
outside packaging or overpack must be leak-proof. If dry ice is used, the packaging must
be designed and constructed to permit the release of carbon dioxide gas to prevent a build-
up of pressure that could rupture the packagings.
Specific Requirements

 Infectious substances assigned to UN 3373 which are packed and marked in accordance
with this packing instruction are not subject to any other requirement of these Regulations
except for the following:
 (a) the name and address of the shipper and of the consignee must be provided on each
package; 5
 (b) the name and telephone number of a person responsible must be provided on the air
waybill or on the package;
 the mark illustrated below must be displayed on the external surface of the outer packaging
on a background of a contrasting color and must be clearly visible and legible
The following are the general packaging standards per IATA DGR
section 5.0.2:

 You must choose high-quality packing that can resist loading/unloading and standard delivery
procedures.
 Packages must be built and sealed in such a way that the contents are not lost.
 The manufacturer's specifications must be followed while closing packages.
 There must be no harmful material on the outside of the packaging.
 The package must be compatible with the contents, including absorbents and cushioning material.
 Packages composed of materials that can soften, brittle, or porous as a result of air transport
temperatures, chemical interactions with the contents, or the use of a refrigerant should not be
used.
 Temperature and vibration fluctuations must be considered while packaging and closing.
 Liquids in inner packaging must be sealed or placed in a leak-proof container (e.g., with tape or
friction sleeves).
 Summary
 Improper loading may have a negative impact on aircraft, and certain incidents have occurred as a result.
 Each DGR CLASS has its own set of packaging criteria. Consider the Aircraft Loading Instructions Report
for those planes that had to make an emergency landing owing to a or facing some sort of Accident due to
improper loading of cargo or other on board things.
 In addition, aircraft load packing and a list of it are included.
 Due to an incorrect landing, how many accidents and incidents are likely to occur.
 many accidents and incidents are likely to occur.
 When using dry ice or nitrogen gas to preserve specimens, all relevant regulations must be followed.
 Outside of the secondary packing or even in the product package or perhaps an over pack, ice and dry ice
must be utilized.
 After ice or dry ice has gone, the secondary packaging's must be supported in their original place by inside
supports.
 Using ice necessitates leak-proof outer packing or an over pack.
Summary

 Packaging should be designed and manufactured such that carbon dioxide gas may be
released from the dry ice to avoid a build-up of the gas. The broad and narrow fuselage
aircraft types should also be mentioned in this context.
Aircraft loading report

 During an aircraft turnaround, the load instructions report is one of the most critical papers
(LIR).
 In order to keep the weight distribution of the aircraft within acceptable limits, this form
informs loading crews on how to load and arrange luggage and cargo