RISE OF

NATIONALISM IN
EUROPE
IBL Project
10-F
70 marks Question Bank
One-mark Questions
1. Elle, the measuring unit in Germany was used to measure: 1 mark K/R
(a) cloth
(b) thread
(c) land
(d) height
Answer: (a) cloth

2. Who were the ‘Junkers’? 1 mark K/R

(a) Soldiers
(b) Large landowners
(c) Aristocracy
(d) Weavers
Answer: (b) Large landowners

3. Match the term with the statements given below: 1 mark K

A ‘Utopian Society’
(i) a society under a benevolent monarchy
(ii) a society that is unlikely to ever exist
(iii) a society under the control of a chosen few wise men
(iv) a society under Parliamentary Democracy
(a) (i) and (ii)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (ii) only
(d) (iii) only
Answer: (b) (ii) and (iii)
4.  Which of the following is not a feature or belief of ‘Conservatism’? 1 mark U

(a) Conservatives believe in established and traditional institutions of state and policy.
(b) Conservatives stressed the importance of tradition and prefer gradual development to quick change.
(c) Conservatives proposed to return to the society of pre-revolutionary days and were against the ideas of modernisation to strengthen
monarchy.
(d) Conservatives believed in the monarchy, church, and other social hierarchies.
Answer: (c) Conservatives proposed to return to the society of pre-revolutionary days and were against the ideas of modernisation
to strengthen monarchy.

5. Ernst Renan believed that the existence of nations is a necessity because: 1 mark K/U

(a) it ensures protection to all inhabitants.

(b) it ensures liberty to all inhabitant citizens.
(c) it ensures Parliamentary form of government to its inhabitants.
(d) it ensures jobs and good health to all its inhabitants.
Answer: (b) it ensures liberty to all inhabitant citizens.

6. Who was proclaimed the emperor of Germany in 1871? 1 mark K/R

(a) Otto Von Bismarck
(b) Victor Emmanuel II
(c) Count Cavour
(d) Kaiser William I of Prussia
Answer: (d) Kaiser William I of Prussia
7. What helped in the formation of a nation-state in Britain? 1 mark U
(a) The formation of a nation-state in Britain was the result of a sudden upheaval.
(b) In 1688, the monarchy in Britain had seized the power from English Parliament.
(c) The parliament through a bloodless revolution seized power from the monarchy which gradually
led to the emergence of a nation-state.
(d) The British nation was formed as a result of a war with Scotland and Wales
Answer: (c) The parliament through a bloodless revolution seized power from the monarchy
which gradually led to the emergence of a nation-state.

8. The Civil Code of 1804 in France is usually known as: 1 mark. K/R
(a) The French Revolutionary Code
(b) Napoleonic Code
(c) European Imperial Code
(d) The French Civil Code
Answer: (b) Napoleonic Code

9. What do the ideas of la patrie and la citoyen emphasize? 1 mark U

Answer: the ideas of la patrie and la citoyen emphasised the notion of a united community enjoying
equal rights under the Constitution

10. In the liberal movements in 1848, Monarchs were beginning to realise that the cycles of revolution 1 mark AP
and repression could only be ended by trying and punishing the liberal nationalist revolutionaries . True or false
Answer: False. Monarchs were realising that the cycles of revolution and depression could only be
ended by granting confessions to the liberal nationalist revolutionaries.
The following questions (Q11, Q12, Q13) are Assertion and Reason questions. Mark the option
which is most suitable: 3 marks AN
(a)if both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b)It's both our solution and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c)If assertion is true but the reason is false.
(d)If both assertion and reason are false.
11. Assertion: Italy was divided into seven states of which only one was rolled by an 1 mark
Italian princely house.
Reason: the north was under the domination of the Bourbon kings of Spain.
Answer:(c) If assertion is true but the reason is false.

12. Assertion: the Scottish Highlanders word forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or wear 1 mark
their national dress, and large numbers were forcibly driven out of their homeland.
Reason: the English helped the Protestants of Ireland to establish their dominance over the largely
Catholic country.
Answer: (b) If both the assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.

13. Assertion: on 18th May 1815, 831 elected representatives revolted in the Frankfurt Parliament . 1 mark
Reason: the elected representatives revolted against the issue of extending political rights to women.
Answer: both assertion and reason are false.
Three-marks Questions
1.Explain how nationalism and the idea of a nation-state emerge? 3 marks U
Answer: Nationalism and the idea of the nation state emerged within the culturally and
regionally diverse groups in Europe. 1
mark
i. Due to industrialisation and transformation of society, there emerged a middle-class consisting
of businessmen, working professionals, industrialists, labourers and working class people. 1
mark
ii. Out of these, the educated middle class people thought of uniting the
culturally compatible sections of people in Europe by abolishing the privileges enjoyed by the
aristocracy. This lead to nationalism and emergence of idea of the nation-state.
1 mark

2. What was the zollverein? What were its wider implications? 3 marks K/R
Answer: In 1834, a customs union or zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia. It was
joined by most of the German states. 1 mark
i. The aim of zollverein was to bin the Germans economically into a nation. The Union
abolished the tariff barriers and reduced the numbers of currencies from over thirty to only two. 1
mark
ii. It helped to awaken and rise national sentiment through a fusion of individual and provincial
interests. The German people realised that a free economic system was the only means to engender
3. How did Romanticism seek to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiments during 18th century? Explain.
3 marks U

Answer: Romanticism referred to a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of national
sentiments. Romantic artist and poets generally criticised the glorification of reason and science.
i. They focused on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings. Their effort was to create a sense of a shared
collective heritage, a common cultural past as the basis of a nation. 1 mark
ii. Some German philosopher like Johann Gottfried Herder thought that through folk songs, folk poetry and
folk dance, the true spirit of the nation could, be popularised. 1
mark
iii. He claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people- das volk. 1
mark

4. Explain the political situation of Italy before its unification. 3 marks U

Answer: Italy had a long history of political situation. This is shown in the points given below:
i. Italians were scattered over several dynastic states as well as the multi-national Habsburg empire. 1/2
mark
ii. During the middle of the 19th century, Italy was divided into seven states of which only one, Sardinia-
Piedmont was ruled by an Italian Princely House. 1 mark
iii. The North was under Austrian Habsburg, the centre was rule by the pope and the Southern reigns
5. Why does the initial enthusiasm of the people of France soon turned to hostility after Napoleon’s takeover of
France? 3 marks AP

Answer: Initially the French Armies were welcomed as harbingers of liberty, but the initial enthusiasm soon
turned to hostility, because people gradually understood that the new administrative arrangements did not
go hand in hand with political freedom.
The factors which seemed to outweigh the advantages of the administrative changes are:
i. Increased taxation on people. 1 marks
ii. Strict censorship on printing media and books. 1 marks
iii. Force conscription into the French Armies to satisfy its imperialist ambition. 1 marks
iv. Restriction on freedom.

6. How would you explain the fate of Ireland? 3 marks AN

Answer: Ireland was a country deeply divided between Catholics and Protestants.
i. The English helped the Protestants of Ireland to establish their dominance over largely Catholic 1 mark
country.
ii. Catholic revolts against British dominance were suppressed. . 1 mark
iii. After a failed revolt led by Wolf Tone and his United Irishmen, Ireland was forcibly incorporated
7. Explain any three ways in which nationalist feelings were kept alive in Poland in the 18th and 19th century.
3 mark U
Answer: The following are three ways in which nationalist feelings were kept alive in Poland
in the 18th and 19th century
i. They used music to keep their unity and identity. Karol Kurpiniski kept up the national struggle
by staging his polish operas and music. 1 mark
ii. The Polish people used dances like polonaise and mazurka making them into nationalist
symbols. 1 mark
iii. The use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of struggle against Russian dominance. In 1831,
there was a Polish armed rebellion against Russian rule but the rebellion was crushed. 1 mark

8. Explain the role of women during the liberal revolution Revolution in 1848. . 3 mark U
Answer: the issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial one to women within the
liberal movement in which large numbers of women participated over the years
I.Women formed their own political associations, founded newspapers and took part in
political meetings and demonstrations . 1 mark
II. Despite this they were denied suffrage rights during the election of the assembly . 1 mark
III. When the Frankfurt Parliament was conducted in the church of Saint Paul, women
were admitted only as observers in the visitors gallery. . 1 mark
9. Describe the Silesian weaver’s uprising in 1845. Comment on the viewpoint of the journalist Wilhem
Wolff. 3 marks AN

Answer: in 1845, weavers and Silesia had led a revolt against contractors who supplied them raw
material and gave them orders for finished textiles but drastically reduced the payments. The
journalist Wilhem handballs describes the events in a Sesilian village as follows:
i.In these villages (with 18,000 inhabitants) cotton weaving is the most widespread occupation.
The misery of the workers is extreme. The desperate need for jobs has been taken advantage of
by the contractors to reduce the prices of the goods they ordered. 1 mark
ii.On June 4 at 2 pm a large crowd of weavers emerged from their homes and marched in pairs up
to the mansion of their contractor demanding higher wages. They were treated with scorn and
threats alternately. 1/2 mark
iii.Following this, a group of them forced their way into the house; smashed its elegant window
panes, furniture, porcelain. Another group broke into the store house and plundered it of
supplies of cloth which they then tore to shreds. 1
mark
iv.The contractor left with his family to a neighbouring village which however refused to shelter
such a person he returned 24 hours later having requisitioned the army. In the exchange that
followed, 11 weavers were shot 1/2
mark
Five-marks
1.What were the Questions
major proposals of the Vienna congress? Describe in brief. 5 mark AN

Answer: In 1815, the European met at Vienna and tried to transform all the changes that came
about in Europe during Napoleon’s era . The major proposals features of the Vienna Congress were:

i. The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French revolution, was restored
to power a new conservative order in Europe and France lost the territories it had annexed. 1
mark

ii. A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent the French expansion in the
future. Thus, the kingdom of the Netherlands, which included Belgium, was set up in the North and
Genoa was added to Piedmont in the South. 1 mark

iii. Prussia was given important new territories on its Western frontiers, while Austria was given
control of Northern Italy.
1 mark

iv. In the east, Russia was given a part of Poland while Prussia was given part of Saxony. 1
mark

v. The German confederation of 39 states that had been set up by Napoleon was left
2. Explain the contribution of Otto von Bismarck in German unification. (2011 D) 5 mark U

Answer: Contribution of Otto von Bismarck in German unification.

i.Nationalist feelings started spreading amongst the middle class Germans, who in 1848,
tried to unite different parts of German confederation into a nation state to have an elected
parliamentarian government. 1 mark

ii.However, this liberal movement was repressed by the combined forces of monarchy and
military supported by Prussian landowners.
1 mark

iii. Prussian Chief Minister, Otto von Bismarck, took the responsibility of national unification
with the help of Prussian army and bureaucracy. 1
mark

iv. Under his leadership he fought three wars over seven years with Austria, Denmark and
France. 1 mark

v. Prussia was victorious in all these wars and the process of unification of Germany was
3.Explain any three causes of conflict in the ‘Balkan area’ after 1871. (2011 OD) 5 mark U
Answer: The nationalist tensions emerged in the Balkans due to the following reasons:
i.Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria,
Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants
were known as the Slavs. A large part of Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman empire. 1 mark
ii. After the decline of the Ottoman empire and the growth of romantic nationalism in the Balkans, the region
became very explosive. Its European subject nationalities broke away from its control and declared
independence. 1 mark
iii. As the different nationalities struggled to define their identity and independence, the Balkan area became an
area of intense conflict. The Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more
territory at the expense of others. 1 mark
iv. Balkan also became the scene of big power rivalry. During this period, there was intense rivalry among the
European powers over trade and colonies as well as naval and military might. These rivalries were very evident
in the way the Balkan problem unfolded. 1 mark
v. Each power- Germany, Russia, England, Austro-Hungary were very keen on countering the hold of other
powers. This ultimately turned Balkan into a war region which eventually provided a minor cause for the First
World War. 1 mark
4. Describe the events that led to the unification of Germany. 5 mark AN

Answer: The following events led to the unification of Germany.

i.Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle class Germans, who in 1848 tried to
unite different regions of the German confederation. 1 mark
ii. This movement was suppressed by combined forces of monarchy and military, supported
by large landowners (Junkers) of Prussia. 1 mark
iii. Then Prussia’s chief minister, Otto von Bismarck, took the leadership of the movement for
national unification. 1 mark
iv. Three wars over seven years with Austria, Denmark and France ended in Prussian victory
and completed the process of unification. 1 mark
v. In January 1871, Prussian king, William I was proclaimed German Emperor in a
ceremony held at Versailles. 1
mark
5. Comment on the formation of Britain as a nation state. 5 mark AN
Answer: The transformation of Great Britain into a nation state was not a sudden process. There was no
one British nation before the eighteenth century. People residing in British Isles were mainly English,
Welsh and Scots or Irish. These were the ethnic groups with distinct political and social traditions.
i.As the English nation grew in wealth and power, it began to dominate the other islands . In 1688, the
English Parliament seized power from the monarchy. The Parliament passed the Act of Union, 1707, by
which England and Scotland were unified resulting into the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great
Britain’. 1 mark
ii.The Parliament was dominated by the English and the political and cultural identities of the Scots were
systematically suppressed. The Catholics in Scotland were brutally suppressed whenever they wanted to
regain their independence. 1 mark
iii.Ireland was inhabited by the Protestants and the Catholics. The English supported the Protestants and
established their rule with their help and support. Catholics, who constituted majority in Ireland were
revolted against the British on numerous occasions but were suppressed. 1 mark
iv.Ireland forcibly became a part of Britain in 1801. The English language dominated and both Scotland
and Ireland were only subordinate to England. 1
mark
v.The idea of nation was expressed in various forms by the artists and the painters. Most of the nations
were portrayed as the female figures. The female figure became an allegory of the nation. In France,
‘Marianne’ and ‘Germania’ in Germany became the allegory of a nation. 1 mark
6. You are John/Jennie. You are living in Europe in the eighteenth and nineteenth century. You are studying one of
the French revolutionist artists that would represent France through personification of your nation and other ideas to
show freedom and liberty. What steps would the artist take to do the same? 5 mark AP
Answer: Artists in the 18th and 19th century found away to giving a face to the nation by personifying it.
i.In other words, they represented the country as if it were a person. Nations were then portrayed as female
figures. The female form was chosen to personify the nation; it did not stand for any particular woman in
real life, rather it sought to give the abstract idea of the nation in the concrete form that is the female figure
became an allegory of the nation. 1 mark
ii.French Revolution artists, would use the female allegory to portray ideas such as liberty justice and the
Republic. These ideals would be represented through specific objects or symbols as you would remember
the attributes of liberty are the red cap and the broken chain. Justice is generally a blindfolded woman
carrying a pair of weighing scales. 1 mark
iii.In France, the female allegory was christened as Marianne. It was a name which underlined the ideas of a
people’s nation. 1 mark
iv.Her characteristics were drawn from those of liberty and the Republic: the red, the tricolour , the cockade.
1 mark
v.Marianne were erected in public squares to remind the public of the national symbol of unity and to
persuade them to identify with it. Marianne images were marked on stamps and coins. 1 mark
THANK YOU