PowerPoint Presentation to Accompany

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 Chapter 18

The Urinary System

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 Introduction

• Maintains homeostasis
– Removes and restores solutes and fluids
• Organs
– Two kidneys: main filtering organs, produce
urine
– Two ureters
– One bladder
– One urethra

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Introduction (cont’d.)

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Functions of the Urinary
System

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 Functions of the Urinary System
(cont’d.)
• Excretion: nitrogenous, drugs and toxins
• Maintaining blood volume and
concentration
– Balance of water and dissolved salts
• pH regulation
– Balance of hydrogen ions

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 Functions of the Urinary System
(cont’d.)
• Blood pressure maintenance
– Renin
• Erythrocyte concentration
– Erythropoietin: stimulates red blood cell
production
• Vitamin D production
– Calciferol

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The External Anatomy of the
Kidneys

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 The External Anatomy of the
Kidneys (cont’d.)
• Paired organs that are reddish in color
• About the size of a closed fist
• Located just above waist
– Between parietal peritoneum and posterior
wall of abdomen
• Referred to as retroperitoneal

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 The External Anatomy of the
Kidneys (cont’d.)
• Hilum: passage area for ureters, vessels,
nerves
• Surrounding layers
– Renal capsule: innermost, barrier
– Adipose capsule: middle, protection
– Renal fascia: outer, anchors kidney

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The Internal Anatomy of the
Kidneys

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The Internal Anatomy of the
Kidneys (cont’d.)

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 The Internal Anatomy of the
Kidneys (cont’d.)
• Medulla: inner area
– Renal pyramids: tips point inward
• Cortex: outer area
– Cortical material between pyramids
– Cortex and renal pyramids contain nephrons

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 The Internal Anatomy of the
Kidneys (cont’d.)
• Nephrons: functional units of the kidney
• Minor calyx
– Funnel shaped, collects urine from pyramid
ducts
• Major calyces: formed from minor calyces
– Join to form renal pelvis
– Renal pelvis narrows to form ureter

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The Anatomy of the Nephrons

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 The Anatomy of the Nephrons
(cont’d.)
• Nephron: microscopic renal tubule
• Bowman’s glomerular capsule: double-
walled globe
– Podocytes: innermost layer
– Parietal layer: outermost layer
• Endothelial-capsular membrane: filter

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 The Anatomy of the Nephrons
(cont’d.)
• Renal tubule
– Proximal convoluted tubule
– Descending limb, loop and ascending limb of
Henle
– Distal convoluted tubule
• Collecting ducts

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Blood and Nerve Supply to the
Nephrons

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Blood and Nerve Supply to the
Nephrons (cont’d.)

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 Blood and Nerve Supply to the
Nephrons (cont’d.)
• Renal arteries: transport 1200 mL of blood
per minute
• Interlobar arteries
• Arcuate arteries
• Interlobular arteries
• Afferent arterioles divide into glomerular
capillaries

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 Blood and Nerve Supply to the
Nephrons (cont’d.)
• Efferent arterioles
• Peritubular capillaries
• Interlobular veins drain into arcuate vein
• Interlobar veins
• Renal veins

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Physiology of the Nephrons

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 Physiology of the Nephrons
(cont’d.)
• Functions
– Control blood concentration and volume
– Regulate blood pH
– Remove toxins from blood
– Stimulate red blood cell production

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 Physiology of the Nephrons
(cont’d.)
• Urine formation
– Glomerular filtration
– Tubular reabsorption
– Tubular secretion
• Urine: 95% water, urea, uric acid,
electrolytes
– 56 mL an hour is normal
– 30 mL an hour indicates possible kidney failure

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The Ureters: Anatomy and
Function

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The Ureters: Anatomy and Function
(cont’d.)
• Extensions of the renal pelvis
• Connect to urinary bladder
• Function: transport urine to urinary bladder
• Urine movement
– Peristalsis, gravity, hydrostatic pressure

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The Urinary Bladder and the
Micturition Reflex

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 The Urinary Bladder and the
Micturition Reflex (cont’d.)
• Urinary bladder held in position by
peritoneum
• Trigone: region between openings of
ureters and urethra
• Detrusor muscle: three-layered smooth
muscle
• Internal urinary sphincter: involuntary
control

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 The Urinary Bladder and the
Micturition Reflex (cont’d.)
• Micturition: expulsion of urine from bladder
• External urinary sphincter: voluntary
control
• Bladder capacity
– 700-800 mL
– 200-400 mL: conscious of need to urinate
• Stretch receptors initiate micturition reflex

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 The Urinary Bladder and the
Micturition Reflex (cont’d.)
• During urination
– Detrusor muscle contracts
– Muscles of pelvic floor and abdominal wall
contract
– External urinary sphincter relaxes and urine
moves from bladder to the outside

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The Urethra: Male and
Female Positions

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 The Urethra: Male and Female
Positions (cont’d.)
• Urethra: connects bladder to the outside
• Females
– Lies directly posterior to pubic symphysis
– Located in wall of vagina
– 3.8 cm long
– Between clitoris and vaginal opening

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 The Urethra: Male and Female
Positions (cont’d.)
• Males
– 20 cm long
– Passes through prostate gland and penis
– Opens at tip of penis
– Transports urine and semen

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 Animation – Urine Formation
• This animation presents an overview of how urine is formed

Click Here to Play Urine Formation Animation

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 Summary
• Discussed the functions of the urinary
system
• Described the internal and external
anatomy of the kidney
• Discussed the structure and function of the
nephron
• Discussed micturition and the role of the
ureters and urinary bladder

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