ANATOMY OF EAR

Nabila Azka Namirah

Tutor 4
 External
Ear

Ear Middle Ear

Inner Ear
EXTERNAL EAR
• Auricle
• External acoustic meatus
Auricle
• Irregular shaped plate
• Elastic cartilage covered by
thin skin
• Depression & elevation
• Deepest depression : concha
of auricle
• Helix : Margin
• Lobule : fibrous tissue, fat
tissue, blood vessels (blood
sampling)
• The arterial supply :
• Posterior auricular
• superficial temporal arteries
• The main nerves to the
skin of the auricle
• the great auricular (the
cranial (medial) surface
(commonly called the “back
of the ear”) and the
posterior part (helix,
antihelix, and lobule) of the
lateral surface (“front”))
• auriculotemporal nerves.
(branch of CN V3, skin of
the auricle anterior to the
external acoustic meatus)
• The lymphatic drainage of the
auricle is as follows:
• The lateral surface of the
superior half of the auricle
drains to the superficial parotid
lymph nodes
• the cranial surface of the
superior half of the auricle
drains to the mastoid lymph
nodes and deep cervical lymph
nodes
• the remainder of the auricle,
including the lobule, drains
into the superficial cervical
lymph nodes.
EXTERNAL ACOUSTIC MEATUS
• ear canal that leads inward through the tympanic part of the
temporal bone from the auricle to the tympanic membrane,
• oval semitransparent membrane
• 2–3 cm in adults
• S-shaped
• Tympanic membrane : Moved in respon to air vibration > transmitted
by the auditory ossicles through the middle ear to the internal ear
• The ceruminous and sebaceous glands produce cerumen (earwax)
Tymphanic Membrane
• Diameter : 1 cm
• Oval semitranparrent membrane
• Covered with thin skin externally,
and mucous in the middle ear
internally
• Otoscope : has a concavity toward
the external acoustic meatus with
a shallow, cone-like central
depression , with the peak umbo.
Tymphanic Membrane
Tymphanic membrane
• The external surface :
auriculotemporal nerve , a
branch of CN V3.
• Some innervation is supplied by
a small auricular branch of the
vagus (CN X).
• The internal surface : the
glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX).
 Middle Ear
• The contents of the
middle ear are the:
• Auditory ossicles
(malleus, incus, and
stapes).
• Stapedius and tensor
tympani muscles.
• Chorda tympani
nerve, a branch of CN
VII
• Tympanic plexus of
nerves.
Tympanic Cavity

• air-filled chamber in the

petrous part of the
temporal bone
• tympanic cavity proper,
the space directly internal
to the tympanic
membrane,
• epitympanic recess, the
space superior to the
membrane.
• The tegmental wall (roof) is formed by a thin plate of bone, the tegmen tympani, which separates the
tympanic cavity from the dura mater on the floor of the middle cranial fossa.
• The jugular wall (floor) is formed by a layer of bone that separates the tympanic cavity from the
superior bulb of the internal jugular vein.
• The membranous (lateral) wall is formed almost entirely by the peaked convexity of the tympanic
membrane; superiorly it is formed by the lateral bony wall of the epitympanic recess. The handle of
the malleus is attached to the tympanic membrane, and its head extends into the epitympanic recess.
• The labyrinthine (medial) wall (medial wall) separates the tympanic cavity from the internal ear. It
also features the promontory of the labyrinthine wall, formed by the initial part (basal turn) of the
cochlea, and the oval and round windows, which, in a dry cranium, communicate with the internal ear.
• The mastoid wall (posterior wall) features an opening in its superior part, the aditus (L. access) to the
mastoid antrum, connecting the tympanic cavity to the mastoid cells; the canal for the facial nerve
descends between the posterior wall and the antrum, medial to the aditus.
• The anterior carotid wall separates the tympanic cavity from the carotid canal; superiorly, it has the
opening of the pharyngotympanic tube and the canal for the tensor tympani.
 PHARYNGOTYMPANIC TUBE /
EUSTACHIAN TUBE
• connects the tympanic cavity to the
nasopharynx
• lined by mucous membrane
• Function : to equalize pressure in the middle ear
with the atmospheric pressure, thereby allowing
free movement of the tympanic membrane.
• The arteries : ascending pharyngeal artery, a
branch of the external carotid artery, and the
middle meningeal artery and artery of the
pterygoid canal, branches of the maxillary artery
• The veins : pterygoid venous plexus.
• Lymphatic drainage : deep cervical lymph nodes
• nerves : tympanic plexus which is formed by
fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX).
Anteriorly, the tube also receives fi bers from the
pterygopalatine ganglion
AUDITORY OSSICLES

• first bones to be fully

ossified during
development
• mature at birth.
• dense (hard)
• covered with the mucous
membrane lining the
tympanic cavity
• lack a surrounding layer of
osteogenic periosteum.
Maleus
• attaches to the tympanic
membrane.
• head of the malleus lies in the
epitympanic recess
• Neck of the malleus lies against
the fl accid part of the tympanic
membrane
• handle of the malleus is
embedded in the tympanic
membrane
Incus
• between the malleus and the stapes
• has a body and two limbs
• body lies in the epitympanic recess
• long limb lies parallel to the handle
of the malleus – lenticular process –
stapes
• short limb is connected by a
ligament to the posterior wall of the
tympanic cavity
Stapes
• smallest ossicle
• has a head, two limbs, and a base
• head, articulates with the incus
• The base (footplate) of the stapes
fits into the oval window on the
medial wall of the tympanic cavity
• The auditory ossicles increase the
force but decrease the amplitude
of the vibrations
 Inner Ear
• vestibulocochlear
organ
• consists of the sacs and
ducts of the
membranous labyrinth
containing endolymph
surrounded by bony
labyrinth containing
prilymph
 BONY LABYRINTH
• fluidfilled space / perilymph-
filled bony labyrinth (These
fluids are involved in stimulating
the end organs for balance and
hearing, respectively)
• otic capsule
• The bony labyrinth
• cochlea,
• Vestibule
• semicircular canals
contained within the otic capsule of
the petrous part of the temporal
bone
Cochlea
• shell-shaped
• contains the cochlear duct
• Internal ear concerned with hearing
• Spinal canal : vestibule > berputar 2.5
putaran > modiolus (blood vessels,
branches of cochlear nerve
distribution)
• Cochlear aqueduct : communicate
with subarachnoid space superior to
jugular foramen.
• Round window : Secondary
tymphanic membrane
Vestibule
• Small oval chamber ( 5 mm long)
• Contains urticle and saccule
• Parts of balancing apparatus
(vestibular labyrinth)
• Oval window on lateral wall –
stapes
• Cochlea anteriorly
• Semicircular canals posteriorly
• Vertibular aqueduct > internal
acoustic meatus.
Semicircular canals
• Lie posterosuperior to vestibule
• Each canals : two thirds of cicle
• Diameter 1.5 mm except bony
ampulla.
• Only have 5 openings (lateral
and posterior have one limb
common both)
• Lodged within the canals :
semicircular ducts
Membranous
labyrinth
• contains endolymph (watery
fluid similar in composition
to intracellular fluid)
• Contains Two divisions :
• Cochlear labyrinth: cochlear
duct in the cochlea.
• Vestibular labyrinth
(communicating sacs):
• utricle
• saccule
• Three semicircular ducts in
the semicircular canals.
Vestibule duct
• Urticle – saccule :
urticosaccular duct
• Saccule – cochlear duct :
ductus reunites
• Urticle and saccule contains
specialized areas of sensory
epithelium called macula,
stimulates primary sensory
neurons (vestibular ganglia)
• Hair cells in the maculae
innervated bt fibers of
vertibulocochlear nerve
Semicircular ducts
• Each sucts has ampulla
containing sensory arca
called ampullary crest
• Hair cells of the crests
stimulate primary sensory
neurons
Cochlear duct
• Spiral tube
• Suspended across the cochlear canal between
the spiral ligament on the external wall of
cochlear canal and the osseous spiral lamina of
modiolus
• Apex of the cochlea : helicotrema
• Basal of the cochlea : scala tympani
• Scala vertibuli : channel
• Roof cochlear duct : vestibular membrane
• Floor of cochear duct : basilar membrane
• Receptor of auditory stimuli : spiral organ (of
Corti)
• Spiral organ contain hair cells
INTERNAL
ACOUSTIC
MEATUS
• a narrow canal that runs laterally for
approximately 1 cm within the petrous part
of the temporal bone
• The internal acoustic meatus is closed
laterally by a thin, perforated plate of bone
that separates it from the internal ear.
• Through this plate pass the facial nerve (CN
VII), the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
and its divisions, and blood vessels.
• The vestibulocochlear nerve divides near
the lateral end of the internal acoustic
meatus into two parts: a cochlear nerve
and a vestibular nerve