Derive input load

line, IB versus VBE

KVL at BE
Loop
Formulas
Derive output load
line, IC versus VCE
DC Analysis

KVL at CE
npn Loop
pnp

Bipolar Junction
Transistor Cutoff
What
Mode of operation happened
Active
CHAPTER 4 to each
junctions?
Saturation
 Collector Voltage
Fixed Bias
to Base Divider
Biasing
Feedback Biasing
Circuit
Resistor Circuit

Bipolar Junction
Transistor (Biasing)

CHAPTER 4 -
DC Analysis Voltage transfer characteristic, VO versus VI
CONTINUE
 CHAPTER 5
BASIC BJT AMPLIFIERS
(AC ANALYSIS)
 The Bipolar Linear Amplifier

 Bipolar transistors have been traditionally used in linear amplifier

circuits because of their relatively high gain.
 To use the circuit as an amplifier, the transistor needs to be biased
with a DC voltage at a quiescent point (Q-point) such that the
transistor is biased in the forward-active region.
 If a time-varying signal is superimposed on the dc input voltage, the
output voltage will change along the transfer curve producing a time-
varying output voltage.
 If the time-varying output voltage is directly proportional to and larger
than the time-varying input voltage, then the circuit is a linear
amplifier.
 The linear amplifier applies superposition
principle
 Response – sum of responses of the circuit for
each input signals alone
 So, for linear amplifier,
 DC analysis is performed with AC source turns off or
set to zero
 AC analysis is performed with DC source set to zero
EXAMPLE
 iC , iB and iE, Sum of both
ac and dc
 vCE and vBE components
 Graphical Analysis and ac Equivalent Circuit

 From the concept of small signal, all the time-varying

signals are superimposed on dc values. Then:
 PERFORMING DC and AC
analysis
DC ANALYSIS AC ANALYSIS

Turn off DC
SUPPLY = short
Turn off AC circuit
SUPPLY = short
circuit
DO YOU STILL REMEMBER?
VDQ = V
rd
+ -

IDQ id

DC equivalent AC equivalent
 DC ANALYSIS AC ANALYSIS

DIODE = MODEL CALCULATE DIODE =

1 ,2 OR 3 rd RESISTOR, rd

CALCULATE DC CALCULATE AC
CURRENT, ID CURRENT, id
WHAT ABOUT BJT?
AC equivalent circuit – Small-Signal Hybrid-π Equivalent

OR
THE SMALL SIGNAL
PARAMETERS
The resistance rπ is called diffusion
resistance or B-E input resistance. It
is connected between Base and
Emitter terminals

The term gm is called a

transconductance

rO = small signal transistor output

ro = VA / ICQ resistance
VA is normally equals to , hence,
if that is the case, rO =   open
circuit
Hence from the equation of the AC parameters, we HAVE to perform DC
analysis first in order to calculate them.
EXAMPLE
 The transistor parameter are  = 125 and
VA=200V. A value of gm = 200 mA/V is desired.
Determine the collector current, ICQ and then find
r and ro

ANSWERS: ICQ = 5.2 mA, r= 0.625 k and ro = 38.5 k

CALCULATION OF
GAIN
Voltage Gain = vo / vs
Current Gain = io / is
Common-Emitter
Amplifier
 Remember that for Common Emitter Amplifier,
 the output is measured at the collector terminal.
 the gain is a negative value

 Three types of common emitter

 Emitter grounded
 With RE
 With bypass capacitor CE
STEPS TO OBTAIN VOLTAGE
AMPLIFIER COMPONENTS

OUTPUT SIDE
1. Get the equivalent resistance at the output side, RO
2. Get the vo equation where vo = - gm vbe RO
INPUT SIDE
3. Calculate Ri
4. Get vbe in terms of vi
5. Get the open circuit voltage gain
Emitter Grounded VCC = 12 V

RC = 6 k
93.7 k

β = 100
0.5 k VBE = 0.7V
VA = 100 V
6.3 k

Voltage Divider biasing:

Change to Thevenin Equivalent
RTH = 5.9 k

VTH = 0.756 V
 Perform DC analysis to obtain the value of IC
BE loop: 5.9IB + 0.7 – 0.756 = 0
IB = 0.00949
IC = βIB = 0.949 mA
 Calculate the small-signal parameters
r = 2.74 k , ro = 105.37 k and gm = 36.5 mA/V
 β = 100
VBE = 0.7V
Emitter Grounded VA = 100 V

off - becomes
short circuit
off -
becomes
short circuit

CC becomes short circuit

during AC

vo

vS RTH RC
1. Ro = ro || RC

2. Equation of vo : vo = - ( ro || RC ) gmvbe

3. Calculate Ri = RTH||r
4. vbe = vi

5. Av vi = vo = - ( ro || RC ) gmvbe  open circuit voltage

Av vi = - ( ro || RC ) gmvbe because vi = vbe

Av = - ( ro || RC ) gm  open circuit voltage gain

 RS

vS Ri vo

To find new voltage gain, vo/vs with input signal voltage source, vs

6. vi in terms of vs  use voltage divider:

vi = [ Ri / ( Ri + Rs )] * vs = RTH||r vs

(RTH||r) + RS

7. vo = Avvi  because there is no load resistor

RTH||r vs
vo = - ( ro || RC ) gm
(RTH||r) + RS

RTH||r vs
vo/vs = - ( ro || RC ) gm
(RTH||r) + RS
 vO
RS = 0.5 k
+
2.74 k gmvbe
vS vi RTH
vbe RC = 6 k
5.9 k 105.37
k

Follow the steps

1. Ro = ro || RC = 5.677 k

2. Equation of vo : vo = - ( ro || RC ) gmvbe= - 36.5 ( 5.677) vbe = -207.21 vbe

3. Calculate Ri  RTH||r = 1.87 k

4. vbe = vi
 Equation of vo : vo = - ( ro || RC ) gmvbe= - 36.5 ( 5.677) vbe = -207.21 vbe

vbe = vi

5. Av vi = vo  open circuit voltage

Avvi = -207.21 vbe = -207.21 vi

Av = -207.21  open circuit voltage gain

 RS = 0.5kΩ 5.677 k

Ri =
vS 1.87 vo
k

To find new voltage gain, vo/vs with input signal voltage source, vs

6. vi in terms of vs  use voltage divider:

vi = [ Ri / ( Ri + Rs )] * vs = 0.789 vs

7. vo = Avvi  because there is no load resistor

vo = -207.21 (0.789 vs)

vo/vs = -163.49
Example
β = 139 R1 RC
VBE = 0.668 V 20k 0.3k

VA =  C2

RS C1 VC C
1n
3.5V
0.5k 1n
V1 R2
5k RL
100k

0
Voltage Divider biasing: β = 139
Change to Thevenin Equivalent VBE = 0.668 V
VA = 
RTH = 4 k

VTH = 0.7 V

 Perform DC analysis to obtain the value of IC

BE loop: 4 IB + 0.668 – 0.7 = 0
IB = 0.008
IC = βIB = 1.112 mA
 Calculate the small-signal parameters
r = 3.25 k , ro =  and gm = 42.77 mA/V
 0.5 + 3.25
V1 k k
vi 4 k vbe RC
gmvbe
0.3 k

Follow the steps

1. Ro = RC = 0.3 k

2. Equation of vo : vo = - (RC ) gmvbe= - 0.3 ( 42.77) vbe = -12.831 vbe

3. Calculate Ri  RTH||r = 4 || 3.25 = 1.793 k

4. vbe = vi
Equation of vo : vo = - (RC ) gmvbe= - 0.3 ( 42.77) vbe = -12.831 vbe

vbe = vi

5. Avvi = vo  open circuit voltage

Avvi = - 12.831 vbe = -12.831 vi

Av = -12.831  open circuit voltage gain

 0.5
k 0.3 k

1.793
v1 k
RL = 100 k

To find new voltage gain, vo/v1 now with signal voltage, v1 and
RL

6. vi in terms of vs  use voltage divider:

vi = [ Ri / ( Ri + Rs )] * v1 = 0.782 v1

7. vo = [ RL / ( RL + Ro )] * Avvi  this is because we have load resistor RL

vo = 0.997 (-12.831 ) (0.782 v1)

vo/v1 = -10