Professional Documents
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Paralleling
Paralleling
Topics
• What is Synchronizing
• Types of Switching Operation
• Types of Synchronizing
• Concept of Slip frequency and Advance angle
• Load pick-up and Governor droop Characteristics
• Synchronizing methods
• Generator Synchronizing
• General criteria for Generator Synchronisation
• Manual Synchronizing
• Components used for Synchronisation
• Automatic Synchronizing
• Choice of Synchronization
( cont..)
Topics (cont…)
THEME of Presentation
1. System synchronising:
When two different parts of a system are connected together
(i.e. both Voltage Magnitude, Phase and Frequency cannot
be controlled like generator circuits)
For example Closing of a Bus coupler CB fed by two
Transformer feeders, the voltage magnitude can only be
varied through Tap changing mechanism
2. Generator synchronizing
Generator is connected to a Grid. The voltage magnitude,
Phase and frequency of the generator supply can be varied.
Synchronising methods
1) Manual synchronising
It is performed by the operator using following synchronizing
devices. This is generally used for both Generator
synchronisation and System synchronisation
• Synchroscope
• Check Synchronising Relay
• DV, DF Meters, Guard Relay
2) Automatic synchronising
It is performed through “Automatic Synchronising Relay”.
This provides closed loop control for adjusting Speed & Voltage
of the Generator during synchronization. This is used for
Generator synchronisation
Slip Frequency:
Difference between the incoming voltage and the running voltage
frequency is called Slip frequency. It is the measure of the rate of
change of phase
Say (for 50Hz System)
12
Time period of Slip cycle:
Aa = fs X 360 º X tc
Where, tc = Closing time of CB (0.15 sec)
6
°
6
°
6
9
Load Pick-Up
% Slip Frequency ( fs )
% load pick-up ( lp )= X 100
% Speed droop ( nd )
Where, %fs = slip frequency
X 100
system frequency
No load Speed – Full load Speed
% Speed droop = X 100
No load Speed
System frequency
% ( lp ) X % (nd) X
Slip frequency =
100
100
= [ (1 x 4) / 100] X (50 / 100)
= 0.02Hz
Criteria for Generator Synchronising
Generator synchronising is of two methods:
1) Super synchronously synchronising, with the incoming
frequency higher than the running frequency
2) Sub synchronously synchronising, with the incoming
frequency lower than the running frequency
• Burdens
The total burden connected to the secondary of winding shall be
within 25% to 100% of rated burden
• Lead Resistance
The Cable Lead interconnecting VT and Synchronising panel
should not make any significant voltage drop.
Improvement Suggested
• TBs associated with VT signal for Synchronising circuits at
all locations / Tapping points shall be COLORED type and
it shall be SEALABLE.
• Terminals of Synchronising Instruments at the Respective
panels shall be of SEALABLE type.
• Connection from VT to Synchronising circuit shall be by
cable as DIRECT as possible.
• Connection from VT to Synchronising circuit shall be by
cable as DUPLICATED (i.e.redundancy).
• Auxiliary Synchronising panel with 3# incandescent lamps
and Voltage balance Relay
• Lamps are configured in Bright / Dark Lamp methods.
Improvement Suggested
THANK YOU