LA CONSOLACION UNIVERSITY PHILIPPINES

Valenzuela St., Capitol View Park Subdivision,, Malolos, 3000 Bulacan

GRADUATE SCHOOL

MAN_MSIT_PA_203 – ANALYSIS AND STATISTICS

Saturday / 08:00 – 11:30
July 3, 2021

1. Test on the Mean of a Normal Distribution, Variance Unknown

2. Test on the Variance and Statistical Deviation of a Normal Distribution
3.Test on a Population Proportion

LARA, CATHERINE ESTEBAN

MAN
19-5606-840
1. TEST ON THE MEAN OF A NORMAL DISTRIBUTION, VARIANCE
UNKNOWN

1.1 DEFINITION

is a statistical procedure that is used to know the mean differences

between the sample and the known value of the population means based from an
interval or ratio scale.

1.2 ASSUMPTIONS IN ONE SAMPLE T-TEST

1. The population must be approximately normally distributed.

2. Samples drawn from the population should be random.
3. Cases of the samples should be independent.
4. Sample size should be less than 30.
1.3 PROCEDURE FOR ONE SAMPLE T-TEST

1. Set up the hypotheses:

H: specified value
Ha: specified value
2. Set the level of significance, calculate the degrees of freedom (and determine
the critical value of t.
3. Calculate the sample mean and sample standard deviation for one sample t-
test by using Formula 1.1 and Formula 1.2:
Formula 1.1.
Formula 1.2

Where: = sample mean

= sample standard deviation
= number of observations in the sample
1.3 PROCEDURE FOR ONE SAMPLE T-TEST

4. Calculate the value of the one sample t-test, by using the formula 1.3
Formula 1.3
where: one sample t test
= sample mean
= population mean
= sample standard deviation
= number of observations in the sample
5. Statistical decision for hypothesis testing:
If computed < critical , do not reject H
If computed > critical , reject H
6. State the conclusion.
1.4 EXAMPLE

1. One of the undersecretary of the Department of labor and Employment

(DOLE)claims that the average salary of Civil Engineer is ₱18,000. A sample of 19
civil engineer’s salary has a mean of ₱17,350 and a standard deviation of ₱1,230.
is there enough evidence to reject the undersecretary’s claim at ?

Solution:
Given: ₱17,350 = ₱18,000 = ₱1,230 19

1. H: ₱18,000 (claim)
Ha:
2. The level of significance is and
3. The critical value is (It is a two-tailed test, since it does not mention about the
direction of the distribution)
4. = =

5. Decision rule: Do not reject null hypothesis at since -2.303 -2.878

6. Conclusion: Since we fail to reject the null hypothesis, we can conclude that the
starting salary of civil engineers is ₱18,000.
1.4 EXAMPLE

2. The average family size in the Philippines was reported as 4.25. A

random of families in particular street resulted in the following family sizes:
5, 6, 7, 4, 3, 8, 2, 9. At , does the average family size more than the
national average?

Solution:
Given: = 4.25 8

1. H:
Ha: (claim)
2. The level of significance is and
3. The critical value is (It is a one-tailed test, since it is indicated that it is
more than the national average)
2. The level of significance is and
3. The critical value is (It is a one-tailed test, since it is indicated that it is
more than the national average)
4. Compute the one sample t-test value.

= = = 5.50

= =
5. Decision rule:
Since the computed t value is greater than the t critical value
at , we need to reject the null hypothesis.

6. Conclusion:
Since we reject the null hypothesis, we can conclude that there is enough
evidence to support the claim that the average family size is more than 4.25
1.4 EXAMPLE

3. It is assumed that the mean systolic blood pressure is   = 120 mm Hg.
In the Honolulu Heart Study, a sample of  =100 people had an average
systolic blood pressure of 130.1 mm Hg with a standard deviation of 21.21
mm Hg. Is the group significantly different (with respect to systolic blood
pressure!) from the regular population?
Solution:
Given: =120

1. H:
Ha:
2. The level of significance is and
3. The critical value is (It is a two-tailed test)
Compute the one sample t-test value.
= =

The critical region approach tells us to reject the null hypothesis at the α=0.05 level
if t≥t0.025,99=1.9842 or if t≤t0.025,99=−1.9842.
Therefore, we reject the null hypothesis because t=4.762>1.9842, and therefore falls
in the rejection region. :
2. Test on the Variance and Statistical Deviation of a
Normal Distribution

2.1 DEFINITION

If you have a random sample of size n from a normal population with

(unknown) mean and variance , then it follows a chi-square
distribution with n−1 degrees of freedom. Therefore, if we're
interested in testing the Ho: σ2 = against Ha: σ2 
we can use the test statistic:
where:n = the total number of data
s2 = sample variance
σ2 = population variance

and follow the standard hypothesis testing procedures.

2.2 EXAMPLE

1. With individual lines at its various windows, a post office finds that the standard
deviation for normally distributed waiting times for customers on Friday afternoon
is 7.2 minutes. The post office experiments with a single, main waiting line and
finds that for a random sample of 25 customers, the waiting times for customers
have a standard deviation of 3.5 minutes. With a significance level of 5%, test the
claim that a single line causes lower variation among waiting times (shorter
waiting times) for customers.

Solution:
Given: n = 25, s = 3.5, and σ = 7.2
1. Set up the hypotheses:
H0: σ2 = 7.22
Ha: σ2 < 7.22
left tailed test
2. Compute the test statistics

3. Graph

4. Probability statement : p value = P ( χ2 < 5.67) = 0.000042

Compare α and the p-value:
α = 0.05p-value = 0.000042 α > p-value
5. Make a decision: Since α > p-value, reject H0. This means that you reject
σ2 = 7.22. In other words, you do not think the variation in waiting times is
7.2 minutes; you think the variation in waiting times is less.

6. Conclusion: At a 5% level of significance, from the data, there is sufficient

evidence to conclude that a single line causes a lower variation among the
waiting times or with a single line, the customer waiting times vary less than
7.2 minutes.
2.2 EXAMPLE

2. A manufacturer of hard safety hats for construction workers is concerned about

the mean and the variation of the forces its helmets transmits to wearers when
subjected to an external force. The manufacturer has designed the helmets so that
the mean force transmitted by the helmets to the workers is 800 pounds (or less)
with a standard deviation to be less than 40 pounds. Tests were run on a random
sample of n = 40 helmets, and the sample mean and sample standard deviation
were found to be 825 pounds and 48.5 pounds, respectively.

Do the data provide sufficient evidence, at the level, to conclude that the
population standard deviation exceeds 40 pounds?
Solution:
1. Set up the hypotheses:
H0: σ2 = 402 = 1600
Ha: σ2 > 1600
2. Compute the test statistics

3. The critical value approach would have us finding the threshold value such that
the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis if it were true, that is, of committing a
Type I error, is small... 0.05, in this case. Using a chi-square probability table we see
that the cutoff value is 54.572:
4.1 We reject the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis if the test
statistic χ2 is greater than 54.572. It is. That is, the test statistic falls in the rejection
region:
4.2 The P-value approach yields the same conclusion. In this case, the P-value is
the probability that we would observe a chi-square(39) random variable more
extreme than 57.336:

As the drawing illustrates, the P-value is 0.029. Because P=0.029≤0.05, we reject

the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis.

5. Therefore, we conclude that there is sufficient evidence, at the 0.05 level, to

conclude that the population standard deviation exceeds 40.
2.2 EXAMPLE

3. With individual lines at its various windows, a post office finds that the standard
deviation for normally distributed waiting times for customers on Friday afternoon
is 7.2 minutes. The post office experiments with a single, main waiting line and
finds that for a random sample of 25 customers, the waiting times for customers
have a standard deviation of 3.5 minutes.
With a significance level of 5%, test the claim that a single line causes lower
variation among waiting times (shorter waiting times) for customers.
Since the claim is that a single line causes less variation, this is a test of a single
variance. The parameter is the population variance, σ2, or the population standard
deviation, σ.
Random Variable: The sample standard deviation, s, is the random variable.
Let s = standard deviation for the waiting times.
Solution:
1. Set up the hypotheses:
H0: σ2 = 7.22
Ha: σ2 < 7.22

2. Compute the test statistics

Probability statement:p-value = P ( χ2 < 5.67) = 0.000042

Compare α and the p-value:

α = 0.05p-value = 0.000042α > p-value
Make a decision: Since α > p-value, reject H0. This means that you reject σ2
= 7.22. In other words, you do not think the variation in waiting times is 7.2
minutes; you think the variation in waiting times is less.

Conclusion: At a 5% level of significance, from the data, there is sufficient

evidence to conclude that a single line causes a lower variation among the
waiting times or with a single line, the customer waiting times vary less than
7.2 minutes
3. TEST ON A POPULATION PROPORTION (Z TEST FOR
PROPORTIONS)

3.1 DEFINITION

This test can be considered as a binomial experiment when there

are only two outcomes and the probability of success does not change
from trial to trial. Given that a normal distribution can be used to
approximate the binomial distribution when and
5, the standard deviation can be used to test the hypothesis of
proportions.
3.2 Z TEST FOR PROPORTIONS FORMULA

where: = z test for a proportion

= sample proportion (
= population proportion
= number of observations in the sample
=
3.3 PROCEDURE FOR Z TEST FOR A PROPORTIONS

1. Set up the hypotheses:

H: specified value
Ha:specified value
2. Set the level of significance and determine the critical value of z.
3. Calculate the sample proportions
4. Calculate the value of the one sample z test for proportion using the given
formula.

5. Statistical decision for hypothesis testing:

Ifcomputed < critical , do not reject H
If computed critical , reject H
6. State the conclusion
3.4 EXAMPLE

1. A recent survey done by the PSA found that 35% of the population
owns their homes. In a random sample of 240 households, 78 responded
that they owned their homes. At the 0.01 level of significance, does that
indicate a difference from the national proportion?

Solution:
Given: = 78 = 240 = 35% = .35

1. Set up the hypotheses and identify the claim.

H: 0.35
Ha: 0.35
2. The level of significance is = 0.01
3. The critical values is (It is two-tailed test)

Two-Tailed Test
α Z
0.20 1.282
0.10 1.645
0.05 1.960
0.010 2.576
0.001 3.291
0.0001 3.819
4. Compute the test value. First, solve for

= = 0.65

Substitute in formula:
 5. Decision rule.
Do not reject the null hypothesis, since the test value falls outside the
critical region, as shown in the figure below.

6. Conclusion
Since we fail to reject the null hypothesis, we can conclude that there is
not enough evidence to reject the claim that 35% of the Filipinos owned their
homes.
3.4 EXAMPLE
2. The professional organization for private colleges and university professors
reported that more than 17% of professors attended a national convention
in the past year. To test this claim, a researcher surveyed 200 professors
and found that 45 had attended a national convention in the past year. At
test the claim that this is correct using p-value method.

Solution:
Given: = 45 = 200 = 17% = 0.17

1. Set up the hypotheses and identify the claim.

H:
Ha: (claim)
 2. Compute the test value. Solve the

= = 0.83

Substitute in formula:

3. Find the –value.

The are under the curve for = 2.07 is 0.4808. Subtracting the area from
0.5000 – 0.4808 = 0.0192
–value = 0.0192
 5. Decision rule.
Reject the null hypothesis, since 0.0912 < 0.05 (that is –value < 0.05 )

6. Conclusion
Since we reject the null hypothesis, we can conclude that there is enough
evidence to support the researcher’s claim that more than 17% of professors
attended a national convention in the past year.
3.4 EXAMPLE
#3. A survey claims that 9 out of 10 doctors recommend aspirin for their
patients with headaches. To test this claim, a random sample of 100 doctors is
obtained. Of these 100 doctors, 82 indicate that they recommend aspirin. Is
this claim accurate? Use alpha = 0.05.
1. Set up the hypotheses and identify the claim.
H: (claim)
Ha:
2. Here Alpha = 0.05. Using an alpha of 0.05 with a two-tailed test, we would
expect our distribution to look something like this:
Here we have 0.025 in each tail. Looking up 1 - 0.025 in our z-table, we find a
critical value of 1.96.
Calculate z test:

Thus, our decision rule for this two-tailed test is: If Z is less than -1.96, or
greater than 1.96, reject the null hypothesis.
is not accurate, z = -2.667, p < 0.05.
Thus as result we should reject the null hypothesis and as conclusion, The
claim that 9 out of 10 doctors recommend aspirin for their patients is not
accurate, z = -2.667, p < 0.05.
REFERENCES:

Sirug, W.S. (2015). Introduction to Business Statistics: A Comprehensive

Approach Revised Edition. Mindshapers Co., Inc.

Montgomery, D.S. and Runger, G.C. (2003). Applied Statistics And

Probability for Engineers. Third Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 
tats.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Statistics/Book
%3A_Introductory_Statistics_(OpenStax)/11%3A_The_Chi-
Square_Distribution/11.07%3A_Test_of_a_Single_Variance
 
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