Matrices

Introduction
• Matrices (singular: matrix, plural: matrices) have many uses
in real life. One application would be to use matrices to
represent a large amount of data in a concise manner so that
we can process the data in various ways more conveniently.
• They have innumerable applications in the analysis of
material and machine requirements and the solution of
problems in planning and organization.
• An understanding of matrices is also essential for most
branches of advanced mathematics and statistics.
• Matrices can be better understood using another
mathematical structure called vectors.
 Vectors
• A vector is any row or column of figures in a specified
sequence.
• Vectors are an ordered arrangement of numbers – be it in a
row or a column
• A vector is normally written between square or curved
brackets or between a pair of double vertical lines.
• Each number is called an element of the vector
• The sum of the orders is called vector addition.
• Vectors can have more than two elements, but two vectors
can only be added together if both have the same number of
elements.
 Multiplication of Vectors
• The result of multiplying a vector [a b c] by a scalar k is the
vector [ka kb kc].
• A vector may also be multiplied by a vector. Two vectors can
be multiplied together only if both have the same number of
elements.
• Multiplication of a row vector by a column vector, which
always results in a scalar is called the scalar multiplication of
vectors.
 Matrices
• A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers arranged into rows
and columns where the numbers acquire meaning from their
position in the array
• The ORDER of a matrix is the number of the rows and
columns.
• The ENTRIES are the numbers in the matrix.
• The order of this matrix is a 2 x 3.

 6 2  1
 2 0 5 
 
 Order of the Matrix
8 1 3 9 5 7 0
0 0 2 
3 x 3 (or square matrix)

 (Also called a row

1 x 4 matrix)
 10 4  3

 9
 2 0 4 6 3 7 4x1
1 1 5 9 8 
  (Also called a
 3x5  0  column matrix)
 7 3 2 7 6   
6

1  1 2x2
0 2 

 Adding two Matrices
• To add two matrices, they must have the same order. To add,
you simply add corresponding entries.

 5  3  2 1  5  (2)  3  1 
 3  
 4    3 0    33 40 
 0 7   4  3  0  4 7  (3)

 3  2
  0 4 
 4 4 
 Subtracting two Matrices

2 4 3   0 1 8
8  
0  7   3  1 1 

 1 5 0   4 2 7 

   
2-0 -4-1 3-8 2 -5 -5

= 5 -8
= 8-3 0-(-1) -7-1 1

1-(-4) 5-2 0-7 5 3 -7

 Multiplying Matrix by a scalar
• In matrix algebra, a real number is often called a SCALAR. To
multiply a matrix by a scalar, you multiply each entry in the
matrix by that scalar.

 2 0   4( 2) 4( 0) 
4   
 4  1  4( 4) 4( 1) 
 8 0 
 
 16  4

  1  2   4 5 
 2     
 0 3   6  8  

 1 4  2  5 
 2   
 0  6 3  (8) 

-2  -3 3
6 -5 
  -2(-3) -2(3)
-2(6) -2(-5)   
6 -6
-12 10 
 Multiplication of Matrices
• Two matrices can be multiplied together only if the number
of columns in the first matrix is equal to the number of rows
in the second matrix.

4 2
18 6 8 38 14
 
12 0 6 32 4 
 
0 6

 44 216 64 
180 876 276
= 
 96 456 168 
 
 36 192 24 
 Multiplication of Matrices
• Solve

  2 1  1  4 
 6  3  2  8 
   

• Find k

 3 5 8  0 1 9  1 1 1  0 0 0 
2 k 0  5 6 3  2 2 2  0 0 0
       
 Solving Linear Equations
• A system of linear equations can be solved by the following
two approaches involving matrices.
– Using Elementary Row Operations
– Using Determinants
 Solving Linear Equations
• Using Elementary Row Operations
• Solving linear equations by elementary row operations is in principle the
same as solving them by elimination.
• The elementary row operations aim systematically at a co-efficient of 1 for
each unknown