Evaluation of Groundwater

Quality using Water

Quality Indices
By
Waseem Rashid Taley
2020MCIVWR011
Contents
Introduction

Role of WQI

Procedure for Development of WQI

Evaluation of Water Quality for Drinking

Purposes

Evaluation of Water Quality for Irrigation

Purposes

Evaluation of Water Quality for industrial

Purposes

Conclusion

References
 Introduction

It is a vital
Water exist Water in its
resource for
on the land purest state
life
surface as is odorless Over two
processes,
well as above and tasteless thirds (70%)
social
and below. possessing of Earth's
improvement
Recycled in the ability to surface is
, ecological
nature by the dissolve covered by
and
water various water.
economic
(Hydrological chemical
development
) cycle. compounds.
.
 Introduction Contd.
As Earth's population continues to grow, people are putting ever-
increasing pressure on the planet's water resources which includes
groundwater.

Ground water provides almost half of all drinking water

worldwide. (Smith et al., 2016)

These water sources are being affected by human activities and

quality is getting reduced. Poorer water quality means water
pollution.

Water quality refers to the physical, chemical and biological

characteristics (parameters) of water. It expresses the suitability
of water to sustain various uses and processes.
Role of WQI It has been realized that
using individual parameters
to describe water quality is
cumbersome and therefore
not easily understood.
WQI is a technique of
rating, that provides
It can be used to look at composite influence of
trends over time on a individual water quality
single site. parameters on overall
quality of water.

Water quality Index (WQI)

is a means by which
The single value can be
quality data is
used to compare data
summarized for reporting
from several sites.
to the public in a
consistent manner.
The Index is basically a
means of calculating a
single value from multiple
test results and uses a scale
from 0 to 100 to rate the
quality of water.
Procedure for Development of WQI

Fixed system

Selection of water
Open system
quality parameters

Mixed system
Procedure for Development of WQI contd.

• Parameter selection.
• Transformation of
For the the parameters to a
developmen common scale.
t of WQI,
• Weights Assignment
the
following for all parameters.
four steps • The assemblage of
are applied: sub-indices is to
produce an index
score.
Evaluation of Water Quality for Drinking
Purposes

EVALAUTION OF WATER
QUALITY FOR DRINKING
PURPOSES

STEP 3:Computing quality

rating() where is
STEP1: ASSIGNING Step 2: COMPUTING STEP 4:. , where is the STEP 5:. W n is the number
concentration and is
WEIGHTS RELATIVE WEIGHTS ) = Subindex of ith parameter of parameters
drinking water standard of
parameter
WQI Contd.

Type of Water WQI range Relative Weightage

Ca2+; 7.14%
TDS; 11.90%
Excellent <50
Mg2+; 7.14%
Good 50-100 K+; 4.76% pH; 9.52%

Poor 100-200
Na+; 9.52% 2.38%
Very poor 200-300
NO2- ; 11.90%
Unfit for drinking >300
NO3– ; 11.90%
Table 1: Classification of groundwater for
Cl−; 11.90%
drinking purposes SO42−; 11.90%
 Evaluation of Groundwater quality for
Irrigation purpose

1. Permeability Index 2.Magnesium hazard

(PI): The permeability (MH): The magnesium Type of Water PI MH
index can be hazard can be calculated
calculated by the by the equation given
equation given below: below:
Very good >75% > 50%

+¿+√ 𝐻𝐶𝑂3
−
2+¿
𝑁𝑎 𝑀𝑔
𝑃𝐼= 2+¿+ 𝑀𝑔
+¿
2+¿+𝑁𝑎 × 100¿
¿
¿ 𝑀𝐻= 2+¿ ¿ Good 25 – 75% > 50%
2+¿+𝑀𝑔 ×100¿
𝐶𝑎 ¿ 𝐶𝑎 ¿
Unsuitable <25% < 50%
 Contd.

4.Salinity hazard: The

3.Kelly's Ratio (KR): total concentration of
KR value <1 is soluble salts (salinity
suitable for 5.Percent Sodium (Na hazard) in irrigation
irrigation, while %): Percent sodium can water can be expressed
those with higher be determined using in terms of specific
values are below equation: conductance.
considered
unsuitable. KR value
is calculated by
below equation:
Contd.

7.Residual sodium
6.Sodium adsorption
carbonate (RSC): RSC
ratio (SAR): SAR can be
can be calculated by
calculated by the
the equation as shown
equation given below:
below:

𝑅𝑆𝐶=( 𝐻𝐶𝑂 +𝐶𝑂 )−¿

− 2−
3 3
Table Showing Classification of Irrigation Water Quality

Class Type of Water EC (µS/cm) Na% SAR RSC

C1 Excellent <250 <20 <10 <1.25

C2 Good 250-750 20-40 10-18 1.25 - 2.0

C3 Medium 750-2250 40-60 18-26 2.0 – 2.5

C4 Bad 2250-4000 60-80 >26 2.5 – 3.0

C5 Very bad >4000 >80 >26 >3.0

 Evaluation of Water Quality for industrial
Purposes
 The quality requirements for industrial water supplies range widely
and almost every industrial unit has its own standards.
 Industries frequently suffer from the common undesirable effects
of incrustation and corrosion, which are the chemical reactions
caused by inferior water quality.

 Water, with HCO3 more than 400 mg/l or SO4 more than 100 mg/l,
may cause incrustation.

 Water, with pH<7 or TDS more than 1,000 mg/l or Cl more than
500 mg/l, may cause corrosion.
Contd.
Hardness:
• Hardness is important parameter for
determining suitability of groundwater for Water Type TH as CaCO3 (mg/l)
domestic and industrial purposes.
• Water hardness has no known adverse Soft <75
effects; however, it causes more
consumption of detergents at the time of Moderately hard 75-150
cleaning, and some evidence indicates its
role in heart disease (Schroeder 1960). Hard 150-300
• Total hardness () can be calculated by
equation given below: Very hard >300
Conclusion

Water quality index is a useful and easy technique used to report the data
on water quality.

It provides a quick and simple methodology to identify quality of water by

only looking at a single aggregate value and corresponding scale.

Water quality index provides single value expressing the average quality of
water at a time based on analytical values of physiochemical parameters.

Water quality indices are necessary for resolving lengthy, multi-parameter,

water analysis reports into single digit scores.

It is so simple to understand that even non-technical stakeholders will

understand the simple dimensionless index score.
References
 Singh, S., & Hussian, A. (2016). Water quality index development for groundwater
quality assessment of greater Noida sub-basin, Uttar Pradesh, India. Cogent
Engineering, 3(1), 1–17.
 Tyagi, S., Sharma, B., Singh, P., & Dobhal, R. (2013). Water Quality Assessment
in Terms of Water Quality Index, 1(3), 34–38.
 Abbasi, T. and Abbasi, S. (2012). Water quality indices. Oxford: Elsevier.
 Smith, M., K. Cross, M. Paden, and P. Laban. 2016. Spring — Managing
groundwater sustainability. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
 Adewumi, J. R. (2016). Water and Sanitation in Nigeria: A case Study of Ondo
State. Nigerian Journal of Technological Research.
 Elemile, O. O., Raphael, D. O., Omole, D. O., Oloruntoba, E. O., Ajayi, E. O., &
Ohwavborua, N. A. (2019). Assessment of the impact of abattoir effluent on the
quality of groundwater in a residential area of Omu ‑ Aran , Nigeria.
Environmental Sciences Europe.
THANK YOU