A

SYNOPSIS
On
“Synthesis and Characterization of Composite Material for Biomedical Application”
Submitted To

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DR. A. P. J. ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW
For the fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
In
Mechanical Engineering
Project Guide: Project Co- Guide Sumbitted by
Dr. Avadesh Kumar Sharma Dr. Brajesh Singh Kushwah Atul Jain
Associate Professor& Head (ME) Director and Professor Ph.D/
20/ME/2581 Rajkiya Engineering College Raja Balwant Singh
Mainpuri (U.P.) Engineering Technical campus
Bichpuri , Agra
 
Contents
• Introduction
• Aim of Research Work
• Objective of Research Work
• Literature Review
• Expected Impact on Academics /Industry
• Virtual Methodology
• Infrastructure Required
• References
Introduction
The use of implants has grown dramatically over the past years, driven by ageing of
populations in developed countries, and the desire of the patients to maintain the same level
of activity and quality of life.
• Consequently, the demand for high-performance implantable biomaterials that can
address unique challenges in cardiology, vascular therapy, orthopaedics, trauma, spine,
dental and wound care has also been increasing steadily.
• Indeed, the biomaterial market was valued at $94.1 billion USD in 2012 and is currently
worth $134.3 billion USD in 2017 [1].
Introduction ……continues
Mainly Material used for Implantation
• Metallic Composites:
• Polymer Composites
• Composites with natural fibre
• Hybrid Material
 Aim of Research Work

To synthesis and characterization of composite for biomedical application

Objective of Research Work

•  To synthesis the best material for biomedical field which is nontoxic , less time
consuming in manufacturing and have available in low cost .
• Analysis its micro structure and other mechanical property like tensile strength, impact
strength physically as well as virtually (Analysis software: ANSYS)
• Check its biocompatibility with suitable method.
 Literature Review
• Mettalic Biomaterials
1. Stainless steel (316L):Among bio-inert metals, surgical stainless steel (316L), cobalt-chromium
(CoCr) alloys and titanium (Ti) alloys are the most commonly used metals for fracture fixation
angioplasty and bone remodelling [2]. This is primarily due to their long-term stability under
highly-reactive in vivo conditions and excellent mechanical properties [3].
2. Titanium and Ti-Based Alloys
The performance of medical grade titanium alloys is superior to that of which makes it stainless
steel due to a 50% greater strength to weight ratio of the former, a better suited alternative for
applications
(i) Nitinol
The NiTi alloy is extensively employed in the civil, aerospace, and biomedical fields. In biomedical
applications, it is typically used as orthodontic arch wires, coronary stents, scoliosis
correction rods, and bone fracture fixation devices. The shape memory properties of this alloy is
useable for the aforementioned applications in order to minimize invasive surgery [4,5]
Literature Review ……………………………………..Continues
• increase the fixation of bone segments [6] and retain proper alignment of teeth by its uniform
compressive stress after the recovery. However, the effects of the corrosion and abrasion of this
alloy have not been clarified. In general, nickel is not biocompatible material like titanium. The
high nickel content of this alloy might reduce its biocompatibility and harmful for long-term of
implantation. The release of nickel ions into human tissue is a dangerous cause that can trigger
inflammatory reactions and carcinogens [7].
• Cobalt-Based Biometals
• Cobalt (Co) based implants have higher wear resistance compared to Ti alloys, which warrants
their extensive use in artificial hip joints, where the direct contact between femoral head and the
bone or plate over time may lead to wear. Clinically, Co-Cr-Mo is one of the most commonly used
alloy due to a favourable combination of high strength and high ductility [8].
• Ti based alloy
• Alloying is also commonly used to further enhance mechanical strength of Ti. Among them, Ti-
6Al-4V alloy containing 5.5–6.5 wt% and 3.5–4.5 wt %of aluminium and vanadium, respectively
[9], is commonly used for it offers better strength profile compared to commercial unalloyed
titanium. Addition of Al increases the hardness Ti, by 32% without significantly affecting its other
properties [10]. Addition of niobium to Ti, as in Ti15Nb4Ta4Zr alloy, is known to increase both
strength.
Literature Review ……………………………………..Continues

• Natural fiber based epoxy composite:

• natural fibers are very much compatible with epoxy matrix as both the fiber and the matrix adheres
to each other very well forming a strong bond between them. They have the potential to replace
the synthetic fibres in the composite manufacturing world as they show similar or better physical
and mechanical properties in a wide variety of cases. The mechanical properties exhibited by these
composites make them suitable for low load applications such as window panels, decorative items,
cushioning pad, fishing rod, internal parts of aeroplane, lampshades, food trays & interior
panelling etc. Thus these composites can replace the most conventionally used materials in those
applications and enhance the overall quality of the product [11]
Identification of Research Problem

• The diversity and functionality of available biomaterials, as well as the methods for their
processing and assembly into an implantable device, have also experienced substantial growth,
with a wide variety of synthetic, natural and hybrid materials currently on the market. Such
diversity allows for better selection of the material to meet the specific objectives of the treatment,
such as using metals with have high electro conductivity as electrodes in artificial organs,
chemically inert materials for permanent replacement of lost function
• There is require a best biocompactible material which is non toxic , easily available , and should
less in cost . So that Every person of our society can use.. There are amny metallic composite
which are used for hard tissue i.e. like bone replacement. And also composited based on natural
fibers found with good strength. So there is requirement of research in area of natural fiber based
composite. So more literature review is going on .
Expected Impact on Academics /Industry

• Biomaterials are used for the reparation or reconstruction of the muscle-skeletal system and soft tissue
regeneration as well as in various medical instruments and devices. The potential range of applications for
biomaterials is rapidly increasing, with different physical, mechanical and medical properties required for
different application.
• The main attribute of NiTi-SMA resides in the combination of unusual mechanical properties, e.g.
rubber-like behavior, and biocompatibility that makes them the materials of choice for minimally
invasive treatments and diagnosis 
• Bio-inert materials, most commonly based on Ti, Co, and steel, critical for many load-bearing functions,
where their resistance to corrosion provides excellent long-term stability and reliable mechanical strength,
with minimal long-term toxicity to the host locally or on systemic level.
• Epoxy is widely chosen for fabrication of composites with natural fiber reinforcement. It is a kind
of matrix which imparts improved physical as well as mechanical properties to the composite due to
which the composite finds application in high performance transportation systems, aerospace
industries, and automobile parts and also in the field of artificial organ transplantation in bio-
medical science .
Virtual Methodology

Literature Review

Material Selection

Composite Preparation

Selection of Fabrication Method

Analysis of Various property

(Microstucture, Tensile strength, Biocompactibility

Result and Discussion

Infrastructure Required

• Die compaction Machine

• Furnace
• Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM)
• UTM
References
• [1]. Global Bio-Implants Market Worth $134.3 Billion by 2017. 2017.
• [2]. Saini, M.; Singh, Y.; Arora, P.; Arora, V.; Jain, K., “Implant Biomaterials: A Comprehensive
Review”.World J. Clin. Cases 2015, 3, page 52–57
• [3] Mears, S.C.; Kates, S.L,”.A guide to improving the care of patients with fragility fractures,
edition “2. Geriatr. Orthop. Surg. Rehabil. 2015, 6, 58–120.
• [4] R. Roth, S. Coemert, S. Burkhardt, K.S. Rodewald, T.C. Lueth, “A process towardseliminating
cytotoxicity by removal of surface contamination from electrical discharge machined nitinol”,
Procedia CIRP 89 (2020) 45–51
• [5] D. Kapoor,” Nitinol for medical applications: a brief introduction to the properties and
processing of nickel titanium shape memory alloys and their use in stents”, Johns. Matthey
Technol. Rev. 61 (1) (2017) 66–76.
• [6] International Stainless Steel Forum. Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steel.
Availableonline:http://www.worldstainless.org/Files/ISSF/Education/
Module_03_Corrosion_Resistance_of_Stainless_Steels.pdf (accessed on 4 June 2017)
• [7] Hansen, D.C.Metal corrosion in the human body: The ultimate bio-corrosion scenario.
Electrochem. Soc. Interface2008, 17, 31.
• [8] Chemical and Mechanical Properties of Titanium and Its Alloys. 2015. Available online:
http://www.totalmateria.com/article126.htm (accessed on 20 April 2017).
References

• [9] Zhao, X.; Niinomi, M.; Nakai, M.; Ishimoto, T.; Nakano, T. Development of high Zr-
containing Ti-basedalloys with low Young’s modulus for use in removable implants. Mater. Sci.
Eng. C 2011, 31, 1436–1444.

• [10] Shahana Parbin, Nitin Kumar Waghmare, Suraj Kumar Singh, Sabah Khan, “Mechanical
properties of natural fiber reinforced epoxy composites ” Shahana Parbin et al. / Procedia
Computer Science 152 (2019) 375–379
• [11] Jianing Gao, Junting Li, Brian C. Benicewicz, Su Zhao, Henrik Hillborg and Linda S.
Schadler. (2012) “The Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Composites Filled with Rubbery
Copolymer Grafted SiO2” Polymers 4:187-210.