Preface

Purpose of stress analysis

Lesson objectives
Procedure Details
Different types of stress
Flexibility and its examples
Rack Piping
Designers checklist
Conclusion

STRESS Concept In Design

 PREFACE :

This lesson will cover the procedures for simple Stress analysis
required when doing a layout study. It also describes the roles and
responsibilities of Designers in Stress Analysis. Two things to keep in
mind; first, use SamSung standards as a guide, and second, the
guidelines mentioned in this lesson may be different than jobs you may
have worked on in the past. Some clients have their own engineering
standards.

STRESS Concept In Design

 PURPOSE OF STRESS ANALYSIS :
Pipe Stress Analysis is required to ensure the proper performance and
operation of piping systems within the total facility. Whether the
piping systems are operating at elevated temperatures or drops into the
cryogenic range, the stress within the pipe itself and the reactions
imposed upon equipment must be analyzed and, if necessary, the
system adjusted to conform to the governing codes.
Piping System should have sufficient flexibility to prevent Expansion,
contraction or movements of support causing:
1) Failure of the piping system from over stress or fatigue.
2) Leakage from joints. Flange Leakage

3) Nozzle load on equipment

4) Load on support
5) Excessive displacement / sagging

STRESS Concept In Design

 LESSON OBJECTIVES :

* Provide self-directed piping layout training to designers

who have basic piping design skills. Training material can be
applied to manual or electronic applications.

* Become familiar with the stress requirements while

making a layout.

* Learn the different materials and terminology used

when performing stress analysis (ie. nomograph).

STRESS Concept In Design

 LESSON OBJECTIVES(Contd.) :

* Learn the common stress considerations when laying

out pipeways, pumps, vertical vessels, etc., avoiding major
route changes and costly changes, and to show you some of
the pitfalls that cause them.

* To familiarize you with SamSung standards on stress

analysis. (SamSung standards are a guide, the standards
used on your job may differ.

STRESS Concept In Design

 Process Engineering
Prepare Line List With Operating And Design Data

Procedure Details:
Client Requirements Piping (Stress) Engineer Determines System Requiring Analysis

Grouping of lines into systems and categorising

Designers Route The Lines

If any Change in Layout
Designers prepare stress sketch & Give to stress
Stress Analysis

Designers incorporate Stress Comments and Interact bet. Civil & other Disc.

Designer Give the Final Iso to Stress for Approval

IFC
STRESS Concept In Design
 SELECTION OF CRITICAL LINES :-
GENERALY THIS IS BASED ON THE PROJECT SPECIFICATION,
HOWEVER FOLLOWING POINT ARE CONSIDERED FOR SELECTION OF
CRITICAL LINES.
A) Lines of NPS 2” and larger with a design temp. of 260 Deg.C

B) Lines of NPS 6” and larger with a design temp. of 120 Deg.C

C) All lines with a design temp. below -29 Deg C

D) Non metallic lines NPS 3” and above

E) All lines NPS 16 “ and above.

F) All lines with very long horizontal or vertical straight runs ( H > 500’,
Vertical >50’ )

G) Lines subjected to two-phase flow, steamout, regeneration or cyclic

condition.

H) All piping connected to sensitive equipment (Pumps,Compressor,Turbine)

STRESS Concept In Design

 I) All fired heater, steam generator ,shell & tube exchanger with bellow &
Air cooler piping.

J) Piping connected to vessels, tanks or equipment subjected to

differential settlement or any significant external displacement.

K) All systems containing expansion joint , coupling ,pressure relief

valve,jacketed lines .

L) Large diameter tank connection.

M) Lines subjected to Vacuum conditions.

N) Underground piping above 65 Deg.C

O) Catergory “ M “ piping, defined as per B31.3

P) All lines with a design temp. over 400 Deg C

Q) All lines subjected to vibrating service.

STRESS Concept In Design

FORMAL ANALYSIS NOT REQUIRED :

As per B31.3 ( Para 319.4.1 )formal analysis is not required for the following
piping system

A) Duplicate, or replaces without significant change, a system operating with

a successful service record.

B) can readily be judged by comparision with previously analysed system.

C) is a uniform size , has no more than two point of fixation , no intermediate

restraints, and fall within the limitation of equation

Dy/ ( L-U )2<= K1

where D = OD of pipe
y = resultant of total displacement strais to be absorbed by the piping
system.
L = Developed length of piping between anchores
U = Anchore distance , straight line between anchores
K1= 208.3 for SI unit OR 0.03 in US unit

STRESS Concept In Design

 Definition Of Stress:

The unit strength of material is usually defined as STRESS in the

material. Stress is expressed symbolically as
σ =P/A
where σ (Greek lowercase letter sigma) is the stress or force per unit
area, P is the applied load, and A is the cross-sectional area.

A piping element is subjected to four type stresses :

1) Longitudinal stress
2)Circumferential or Hoop stress
3)Shear and Torsional Stress.

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STRESS Concept In Design
 SL = PD/4t

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STRESS Concept In Design
 So it is observed that stress in the piping element is
caused due to:
a) Weight
b)Pressure
c)Temperature

Weight is taken care by following SPAN chart.

Pressure is taken care by using proper piping class.
Pipe Thk

Only Temperature is critical in the piping design and

certain practices are to be followed for taking care of
temperature.
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How to find Pipe Expansion:

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STRESS Concept In Design
Strain:
is the "unit strain" and is found by dividing the total stretching by the total length
being stretched.

* Must use same units of length

Young’s Modulus: E (Young's Modulus) relates the amount of strain (stretching) to the
amount of stress (loading). It is defined as :

The value of E changes with material and temperature . The stress and strain are measured
experimentally. E is calculated and is tabulated in the piping code.

E = 30,000,000 P.S.I. for Cold Steel

Normally designed anchors cannot stand large forces because the structure would bend first, and
the anchor would not be effective Equipment shells would dimple before they would act as
anchors. Expansions are absorbed by bending the piping system rather than compressing it.

STRESS Concept In Design

Thermal Force between two Anchors:

The force required to prevent the pipe from expanding is the same as the force required to
stretch it an equal amount.

Since S =

To find P (Force):

STRESS Concept In Design

Flexibility of Piping :
No flexibility

Insuff.Flexibility
Expanding Leg

Enough flexible
Definition: Flexibility of a piping
system is a measure of the amount of
thermal expansion it can safely Expansion
absorb. absorbing leg

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 Some Examples On Flexibility:

Steps:
1. Align straight edge with nominal pipe size (6 in), pipe length in bending (20 ft) and mark point
on pivot line.
2. Align point on pivot line with total thermal expansion (3.62 in) and read off thermal force
(1500#).

The force against the anchor (indicated by the dotted arrow) is equal to but is pushing in the
opposite direction.

STRESS Concept In Design

 A = 70 x .0321 = 2.25 L = 25 T.F.A = 2100#
B = 25 x .0321 = .80 L = 45 T.F.B = Less than
200#

The guide acts as an anchor for forces in "B" direction, but not in "A" direction.

If the bending leg is longer than those listed on the chart, a flexibility problem does not exist .

STRESS Concept In Design

 FREE THERMAL EXPANSION

A = 15 x .0182 = .27 L = 15 T.F.A = 700#

B = 20 x .0182 = .36 L = 27 T.F.B = Less than 200#

Vertical force is not required in this example. Both vessel and pipe C.S. at 300 oF 8" SCH. 40.

Radial expansion must be added for vertical vessel.

Anchor end of horizontal vessel must be taken into account. If the anchor end and slotted end were reversed, then
T.F.A. would be:  A = (12 + 15) X .0182 = .49

Reversal of anchor end of horizontal vessel causes an increase in anchor force.

Anchor movements are okay to incorporate this way since shell material and temperature are the same as the pipe.

STRESS Concept In Design

 Force and expansion calculations are the same in plan or elevation.

1.Pump nozzle is not used for flexibility.

2.Pump expansion is included in total expansion.

3.Moving the anchor end is mandatory.

4.Nozzle projections are not used for flexibility here. They may be included by the stress engineer.

5.The piping in the example was dimensioned by roughly following 000 250 2040A1. Clearances for access
maintenance and insurance regulations generally set piping dimensions. The stress and force are checked
afterwards, and flexibility is increased only if necessary.

6.Following the Fluor Daniel Standards is usually a good guide for stress problems because the standards have
already been reviewed by the stress group.

STRESS Concept In Design

 Answer:
Horizontal  = .0182 x 25 = .46 L = 16
T.F. = 350#

Vertical  = .0182 x 19 = .35 L = 13

T.F. = 540#

If the anchor end was toward the pipeway:

Horizontal  = 15 x .0182 = .27 L = 16.5

T.F. = 220#

Obviously it is better for the pump if the anchor is moved.

STRESS Concept In Design

 ANCHOR MOVEMENT

Taking the difference between anchor coordinates does not work when portions of the system are different
temperatures and/or of materials with different expansion coefficients. Actual temperature conditions are determined
by the stress engineer using the line list, mechanical flow diagram and special conditions noted on the stress sketch.

When the equipment a pipe is anchored to is of a different material or at a different temperature, the free thermal
expansion is found by adding or subtracting "anchor movement" to the free expansion of the piping.

EXAMPLE:

E-W Free Expansion

Free Expansion of Pipe = .0624 x 20 = 1.248"
Vessel Anchor Movement - .0617 x 10 = .617"
1.865"
N-S Free Expansion
Free Expansion of Pipe = .0624 x 30 = 1.872"
Vessel Anchor Movement = Zero

STRESS Concept In Design

 Problem:

Find the N-S and E-W thermal force.

Short pipeway drops (generally about 2'-6') have very little affect on flexibility and are ignored safely. In tight

situations (pump calculations) they may be considered. The vertical force is not to be

Answer:

N-S Expansion = 20 x .0182 = .364"

L = 20 + 25 + 5 = 50
T.F. = Less than 200#
E-W Expansion = 70 x .0182 =1.274”
Boiler Anchor Movement = .0362x15 = .543”
Difference = .731"

L = 20 + 5 = 25
T.F. = Less than 200#

STRESS Concept In Design

 Which system is more flexible?

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Basic Pipe way layout:

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