ETHICS OF RESEARCH

HONESTY

•Do not fabricate, falsity, or

mispresent data
 OBJECTIVITY

• Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data

analysis, data interpretation, peer review, expert
testimony, and other aspects of research.
 INTEGRITY

• Keep your promises and agreements

• Act with sincerity
• Strive for consistency for thought and action
 CAREFULNESS
•Avoid careless errors and negligence
•Carefully and critically examine your own
work and the work of your peers.
 OPENNESS

•Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources

•Be open to criticism and new ideas.
 RESPECT FOR
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
•Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources
•Be open to criticism and new ideas.
CONFIDENTIALITY
•Protect confidential communications,
such as papers or grants submitted for
publication, personal records etc.
RESPONSIBLE PUBLICATION
•Publish in order to advance research and
scholarship, not to advance just your own
career
•Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication
RESPONSIBLE MENTORING

•Help to educate, mentor, and advise

students.
 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

•Strive to promote social good and prevent

or mitigate social harms through research,
public education and advocacy.
NON-DISCRIMINATION

•Avoid discrimination against colleagues or

students on the basis of sex, race, ethnicity,
etc.
COMPETENCE

•Maintain and improve your own

professional competence and expertise
through lifelong education
 LEGALITY

•Know and obey relevant laws and

institutional and government policies.
ANIMAL CARE

•Show proper respect and care for animals

when using them in research
HUMAN SUBJECTS PROTECTION

•Minimize harm and risks

•Respect human dignity, privacy and
autonomy
RESEARCH MISCONDUCTS
a.FABRICATION – making up data or results and recording or
reporting them
b.FALSIFICATION – manipulating materials or changing the data
c. PLAGIARISM – without giving appropriate credit to the owner

THE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CODE OF THE

PHILIPPINES or R.A. 8293
- Contains provisions regarding published works and copyright
ownership
 QUANTITATIVE &
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
 QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
DEFINITION • Subjective Approach • Objective Approach
• Used to describe life experiences • Method used to describe, test
and give them meaning relationships and examine cause and
effect relationships
GOALS Gain insight, explore the depth, To test relationships, describe, examine
richness and complexity inherent in the cause and effect relations
phenomenon

Seeks to explore, explain and Seeks to confirm a Hypothesis

understand WHAT & HOW MANY?
WHAT, & WHY
CHARACTERISTICS FOCUS: Complex & Broad FOCUS: Concise & Narrow
Subjective Objective
Inductive Reasoning Deductive Reasoning
Meaning & Discovery Cause & effect, Relationship
 QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
Data gathered through interviews, Data gathered through the use of tools,
observation, content analysis etc. questionnaires etc.

Communication & Observation Instruments

Open-ended questions Closed-ended questions

Data provided as a narrative, pictures or Data is in the form of numbers and
objects statistical results

Individual interpretation Statistical Analysis

Results are subjective Results are documented using objective
May reveal biases language

Uniqueness Generalization