Machismo and

Marianismo and its

Role w/ Hispanic
Adolescents
What role does machismo and
marianismo have on Hispanic
adolescents feeling that they
may be reared stricter than
their sibling of the opposite
gender from their Hispanic
mother?

2
1. Machismo and Marianismo
Exploring their Meaning and Effects
 Machismo:
- Lost its meaning in pop-culture
- Look at Hispanic Perspective
- Not Easy to define in one sentence
- Set of expectations for the Hispanic Male
- Positive and Negative

4
 Machismo Effects:
- Negative impacts
- Leads to suppression of emotions
- Psychological distress
- Most likely to blame women in domestic
abuse

5
 Marianismo:
- It’s counterpart of machismo
- Works together (hand in hand)
- Set of rules and expectations for
Hispanic women
- Most notable figure: The Virgin
Mary
- Child Bearer & remains pure

6
 Marianismo Effects:
- Emotional/Physical abuse
- Emotional Distress
- Feeling restricted
- Putting more importance in Husband/being a
“good wife”

7
 2. Purpose
Why should we care?
 Personal Experience

▫ Hispanic females (most notably teens) describing their

experience
⬝ Daughter vs. Son
▫ Machismo and Marianismo producing negative cognitions

9
 3. Methods
How research was conducted
 Survey Construction
- Ethnographic design
- Requirements for participants
- 13-18, sibling of opposite gender, Hispanic
mother
- Snowball sampling on Instagram platform

11
 Consent Forms
- Parental Consent needed if minor
- Risk of recalling trauma (if any)
- Reported/flagged to teacher if signs of abuse
- Hotline provided to cope any possible trauma
- (800) 422-4453

12
 Survey Components
- Qualitative Data
- Survey in 2 parts
- “Check all that apply” and Free Response
- Given scenarios
- Personal experience vs. sibling’s

13
 Data Organization
- Code Names Applied
- i.e. Participant 1, Family 1
- Siblings Identified
- Comparing

14
 Data Analysis
- Inductive coding analysis
- Emotion, in vivo, and sub-coding used
- Sibling response comparison + Gender group
comparison

15
 4. Results
What was found
 Question 1
- Coming home late from a party
- 3 neg. responses, 3 pos. responses
- Common understanding from all: stern tone
- Only 2 male participants would feel
empathy

17
 Question 2
- Same question, but in regards of sibling
- Female participants recognized more liberties
for brother
- ⅔ of all recognized different interaction
- Regardless of age

18
 Question 3
- Ask to go on date
- All female participants had a common theme
of having negative response
- concerned, surprised, hesitant, and even
likely to disagree
- More passive towards male participants

19
 Question 4
- If sibling asked to go on date and what would
mother’s reaction be
- Sibling’s responses aligned
- i.e. sister’s response to q3 aligned with
brother’s response to q4

20
 Question 5
- Essentially, for any further comments
- Female average response: 127.8 words
- Male average response: 16 words
- Males mentioned, more liberties or feelings of
no significant difference in treatment
- Females discuss frustration

21
 5. Discussion
New Findings, Implications, Limitations,
& Future Research
 New Findings
- Female participants perceive that they are
treated stricter from their brother
- Participant’s mother have implicit bias

23
 Implications
- Values do not need to be eliminated
- Emphasis positive aspects
- Values have been changing regardless
- i.e. exposure to progressive ideas

24
 Limitations
- Small sampling size
- Participants’ lack of engagement
- Out of my control

25
 Future Research
- Larger sampling size
- Survey mothers as well
- Maybe include other siblings of the family

26
Thank you!

27
 Works Cited
Brownstein, Michael. “Implicit Bias.” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Stanford: Center for the Study
of Language Information, 31 July 2019, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/implicit-bias/. Accessed 23
April 2021.
Cowan, Benjamin Arthur. “How Machismo Got Its Spurs--in English: Social Science, Cold War Imperialism,
and the Ethnicization of Hypermasculinity.” Latin American Research Review, vol. 52, no. 4, Oct.
2017, p. 606. EBSCOhost, doi:10.25222/larr.100. Accessed 20 Sept. 2020.
Hanson, Andrew, and Michael Santas†. “Field Experiment Tests for Discrimination against Hispanics in the
U.S. Rental Housing Market.” Southern Economic Journal, vol. 81, no. 1, July 2014, p. 135.
EBSCOhost, doi:10.4284/0038-4038-2012.231. Accessed 19 Sept. 2020.
Heep, Hartmut. "Catholicism and Machismo: The Impact of Religion on Hispanic Gender Identity." Cultural
and Religious Studies, Vol.2, No. 2, David Publishing, Feb. 2014, ISSN 2328-2177. Accessed 1 Sept.
2020.
“Hispanic Heritage Month 2019.” United States Census Bureau, 9 Oct. 2019,
www.census.gov/newsroom/facts-for-features/2019/hispanic-heritage-
month.html#:~:text=59.9%20million,of%20the%20nation's%20total%20population. Accessed 19
Sept. 2020.
“Implicit Bias Explained.” Perception Institute: Research. Representation. Reality.,
https://perception.org/research/implicit-bias/#:~:text=We%20have%20a%20bias%20when,them
%20without%20our%20conscious%20knowledge. Accessed 23 April 2021.

28
 Works Cited
“Individualism & Collectivism.” AFS-USA, AFS, 30 October 2019,
https://www.afsusa.org/study-abroad/culture-trek/culture-points/culture-points-individualism-and-
collectivism/. Accessed 23 April 2021.
Kelly, Vashti. "Machismo vs. Marianismo." Health & Safety Programs; Association of Farmworker
Opportunity Programs, 25 Apr. 2020,
afophs.wordpress.com/2017/04/25/machismo-vs-marianismo/vv. Accessed 25 Aug. 2020.
“Machismo.” Merriam-Webster, www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/machismo. Accessed 20 Sept. 2020.
Melluishi, Steve, and Don Bulmer. “Rebuilding Solidarity: An Account of a Men’s Health Action Project.”
Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, vol. 9, no. 2, Mar. 1999, p. 93. EBSCOhost,
doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1298(199903/04)9:2<93::AID-CASP519>3.0.CO;2-I. Accessed 21 Sept.
2020.
Mirandé, Alfredo. “Hombres y machos: Masculinity and Latino culture.” Boulder: Westview Press, 1977.
Nuñez, Alicia, et al. "Machismo, Marianismo, and Negative Cognitive-Emotional Factors: Findings From
the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos Sociocultural Ancillary Study." US National
Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, Journal Latinx Psychology, 19 Oct. 2015, doi:
10.1037/lat0000050. Accessed 17 Aug. 2020.
Pigeon, Jered. "Machismo and how the Family is Molded into Form: Analysis of Gender Roles." Minnesota
State University Moorhead, web.mnstate.edu/vigilant/Machismo%20V.2.doc. Accessed 17 Aug.
2020.

29
 Works Cited
Piña-Watson, Brandy, et al. “Parent Conflict as a Mediator Between Marianismo Beliefs and Depressive
Symptoms for Mexican American College Women.” Journal of American College Health, vol. 61, no.
8, Nov. 2013, pp. 491–496. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1080/07448481.2013.838567. Accessed 9 Sept.
2020.
“Power of the Purse: How Hispanic’s Contribute to the U.S. Economy.” UNIDOS US, Dec. 2017,
research.newamericaneconomy.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/12/Hispanic_V5.pdf. Accessed
19 Sept. 2020.
“Quick Facts: United States.” United States Census Bureau, 1 July 2019,
www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045219. Accessed 20 Sept. 2020.
Remmo, Clyde J. "Understanding Masculinity: The Role of Father-Son Interaction." Electronic Theses and
Dissertations.2009, digitalcommons.du.edu/etd/544. Accessed 14 Sept. 2020.
Roche, Jennifer M., and Hayley S. Arnold. “The Effects of Emotion Suppression during Language Planning
and Production.” Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, vol. 61, no. 8, Aug. 2018, pp.
2076–2083. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=eric&AN=EJ1187724&site=ehost-live. Accessed 21 Sept. 2020.
Segrest, Sharon L., et al. “Exploring the role of machismo in gender discrimination: a comparison of Mexico
and the US.” Equal Opportunities International, vol. 22, 2003, pp. 13-31. ResearchGate,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235294679_Exploring_the_role_of_machismo_in_gender_
discrimination_a_comparison_of_Mexico_and_the_US. Accessed 22 April 2021.

30