What is research?

What is the difference

between inquiry and
research?
Explain why research is
systematic.
Why do we do research?
Why is research important
to our daily life?
 LESSON 2
The Characteristics, Processes, and
Ethics of Research
Lesson Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the student should be
able to:
1.Enumerate the general and major characteristics of
research;
2.Determine the processes in conducting research;
3.Differentiate ethical and unethical practices in
conducting research;
4.Explain the processes of conducting research.
 Research
Research is defined as the scientific investigation of
phenomena
  which includes collection, presentation,
analysis and interpretation of facts that lines an
individual‘s speculation with reality.
 Characteristics of Research
1. Empirical. Research is based on direct
experience or observation by the researcher.
2.  Logical and Objective. Research is based
on valid procedures and principles.
3. Cyclical. Research is a cyclical process
because it starts with a problem and ends with a
problem.
 Characteristics of Research

4. Analytical. Research utilizes proven

analytical procedures in gathering the data,
whether
 
historical, descriptive, and experimental
and case study.
5. Critical. Research exhibits careful and
precise judgment.  
 Characteristics of Research

6. Methodical. Research is conducted in a

methodical manner without bias using systematic
method
 
and procedures.
7. Replicability. The research design and
procedures are replicated or repeated to enable
the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive
results.
 Research Processes
1. Select a general problem.
2. Review the literature of the problem.
3. Select a specific research problem, question,
  or hypothesis.

4. Collect data.
5. Analyse and present data.
6. Interpret the findings and state conclusions or
generalizations regarding the problem.
Ethics generally is considered to deal with beliefs
about
  what is right or wrong, proper or improper,
good or bad. According to a dictionary definition
(Webster‘s 1968), to be ethical is to conform to
accepted professional practice.
 Ethical Considerations in
Conducting Research
1. Objectivity and integrity.
2.  Respect of the research subjects’ right to
privacy and dignity and protection of subjects
from personal harm.
3. Presentation of research findings.
 Ethical Considerations in
Conducting Research
4. Misuse of research role.
5.  Acknowledgement of research collaboration
and assistance.
6. Distortions of findings by sponsor.
 Unethical Practices in
Conducting Research
1. Deceiving a respondent about the true purpose of a
study.
2. Asking
  a respondent questions that cause him or her
extreme embarrassment; guilt emotional turmoil by
remaining him or her of an unpleasant experience.
3. Invading the privacy of a respondent.
 Unethical Practices in
Conducting Research
4. Studying the respondents or research subjects
without their knowledge
5.  When analyzing the data—revealing only part of
the facts, presenting facts out of context, falsifying
findings or offering misleading presentation such as
lying with statistics.