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12
Practical Research 2
Semester I – Week 1
Definition, Characteristics,
and Types of Quantitative Research

CONTEXTUALIZED LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS

SCHOOLS DIVISION OF PUERTO PRINCESA CITY
Practical Research 2 – Grade 12
Contextualized Learning Activity Sheets (CLAS)
Semester I - Week 1: Definition, Characteristics, and Types of Quantitative Research
First Edition, 2021

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 Lesson 1
Definition, Characteristics,
and Types of Quantitative Research

MELC: Describes characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and kinds of quantitative

research. CS_RS12-Ia-c-1

Objectives:
1. Define quantitative research;
2. Differentiate the types of quantitative research;
3. Identify the types of quantitative research;
4. Describe the characteristics of quantitative research; and
5. Identify the strengths and weaknesses of quantitative research.

Let’s Try
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on the space provided
before each number.
_____1. What type of research emphasizes objective measurements and the statistical,
mathematical, or numerical analysis of data collected through polls, questionnaires, and
surveys, or by manipulating pre-existing statistical data using computational techniques?
A. Applied Research C. Quantitative Research
B. Experimental Research D. Qualitative Research

_____2. What research is conducted to establish a relationship between two closely-knit

entities and how one impacts the other and the changes that are eventually observed?
A. Correlation Research C. Experimental Research
B. Descriptive Research D. Survey Research

_____3. What is the most fundamental tool for all quantitative research methodologies and
studies which is used to ask questions to a sample of respondents using various types of
questionnaires?
A. Causal-comparative Research C. Descriptive Research
B. Correlation Research D. Survey Research

_____4. Which of the following describes a quantitative research?

A. Micro C. Theory emergent
B. Structured D. Words

_____5. Which of the following is used by researchers to conclude cause-effect equation

between two or more variables, where one variable is dependent on the other independent
variable?
A. Causal-comparative Research C. Descriptive Research
B. Correlation Research D. Survey Research

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_____5. Which of the statements below DOES NOT describe a quantitative research?
A. Applies deductive method
B. Applies inductive method
C. Concerned about numerical data
D. Findings that can be generalized

_____7. Which of the following statements is a weakness of a quantitative research?

A. Quantitative research can be costly.
B. Quantitative research is reliable.
C. Quantitative methods can be repeated.
D. Quantitative experiments filter out external factors.

_____8. Which of the following statements is a strength of a quantitative research?

A. Quantitative research can be costly.
B. Quantitative research requires extensive statistical treatment.
C. Quantitative research tends to turn out only proved or unproven results.
D. Quantitative research is reliable and valid way of concluding results.

_____9. Which of the following statements is NOT a characteristic of a quantitative research?

A. Statistical analysis of numerical data.
B. It provides a more credible and reliable result.
C. It delivers an in-depth understanding of the problem or study.
D. The results taken from a sample can be generalized to the population.

_____10. Which of the following titles is an example of a quantitative research?

A. Common characteristics of children into and not into sports
B. Dengue prevention practices of different places in the Philippines
C. Effects of types of music on the behaviors of children
D. Stories behind the different artworks and different painters

2
 Let’s Explore and Discover

Unlocking of
Difficulties
It is a human’s instinct to observe what is happening
Quantitative research around. We are curious and observant. We want to explain
is the process of why things occur and the reasons behind it in our own way,
collecting and analyzing while scientists always make sure that everything can be
numerical data. explained objectively and systematically.

Qualitative research As a student, you need to understand events around

involves collecting and you using systematic studies to generate acceptable
analyzing non- conclusions. To understand the world better, you should
numerical data. apply a logical approach to know how things are related with
each other.

What is a quantitative research? How does it differ from a qualitative research?

Look at the sample news below!

Department of Health spokesperson emphasized

the effectiveness of personal protective equipment (PPE)
such as face masks, face shields, and physical distancing
must not be underestimated. According to studies, wearing
masks lowers the chance of transmission by up to 85%,
while maintaining a physical distance of one meter
reduces the risk of transmission by 80%.

(Source: “Wearing Masks May Cut Transmission Rate up tp 85%”, Department of

Health, accessed July 11, 2020, https://www.doh.gov.ph/press-release.)

Quantitative research produces this kind of news. It is important to survey several

individuals that will represent the target population. The researcher collects numerical data
and makes use of the data to generalize conditions. This is an example of a quantitative
research.

Quantitative research deals with the characteristics observed from the research
subjects’ traits are translated numerically and focuses on the analysis and interpretation
of the raw numerical data gathered based on statistical outcomes.

It emphasizes on objective measurements and the statistical, mathematical, or

numerical analysis of data collected through polls, questionnaires, and surveys, or by
manipulating pre-existing statistical data using computational techniques. What are the
types of quantitative research? What are the defining features of each type?

3
Types of Quantitative Research

Descriptive Research is designed to give answers to questions of who, what, where

and how which are linked with a research
problem. It does not answer the question why
because it does not seek to explain why
certain things happen. It is used only to
describe what exists and to gather
information about the status of a certain
phenomenon.

Survey Research is the most

fundamental tool for all quantitative research
methodologies and studies. Surveys are used
to ask questions to a sample of respondents,
using various types such as online polls, online surveys, paper questionnaires and web-
intercept surveys. It can be conducted by asking multiple survey questions and collect data
to produce numerical results.

Correlation Research is conducted to establish a relationship between two closely-

knit entities and how one impacts the other and what are the changes that are eventually
observed. This research method is carried out to give value to naturally occurring
relationships, and a minimum of two different groups are required to conduct this
quantitative research method successfully. Patterns, relationships, and trends between
variables are concluded. The impact of one of these variables on the other is observed along
with how it changes the relationship between the two variables.

Causal-Comparative Research mainly depends on the factor of comparison. Also

called the quasi-experimental research. It is used by researchers to conclude cause-effect
equation between two or more variables, where one variable is dependent on the other
independent variable. The independent variable is established but not manipulated, and its
impact on the dependent variable is observed.

Experimental Research also known as true experimentation is reliant on a

theory. Experimental research, as the name suggests, is usually based on one or more
theories. This theory has not been proven in the past and is merely a supposition. In this
research, an analysis is done around proving or disproving the statement.

To summarize the types of quantitative research, the defining features can be found
below.

Types of Research Defining Features

Descriptive Research
Survey Research
Causal-Comparative Research
Experimental Research
Correlation Research
Aims to define existing condition of a classified
variable.
Gathers evidence about people’s knowledge,
opinions, attitudes, and values on various
issues and concerns.
Defines cause and effect relationship between
variables. (Note: independent variable is NOT
manipulated)
Applies the scientific method to prove the
cause-effect relationship between variables.
(Note: independent variable can be
manipulated)
Defines the degree of relationship between two
or more variables using statistical data.

4
Strengths, Weaknesses, and Importance of Quantitative Research Across Fields

Quantitative research is usually preferred over qualitative research because it is said

to be more reliable and objective, uses statistical analysis and aims for causation,
correlation, and hypothesis testing. But there is no perfect method or type. In fact, there
are also limitations in quantitative research. What do you think are the characteristics,
strengths, and weaknesses of a quantitative research? Read and understand the summary
below.
Characteristics of Quantitative Research
1. Large sample size. To obtain more meaningful statistical result, the data must come
from a large sample size.
2. Objective. Data gathering and analysis of results are done accurately, objectively,
and are unaffected by the researcher’s intuition and personal guesses.
3. Visual result presentation. Data is numerical, which makes presentation through
graphs, charts, and tables possible and for better conveyance and interpretation.
4. Faster data analysis. The use of statistical tools give way for a less time-consuming
data analysis.
5. Generalized data. Data taken from a sample can be applied to the population if
sampling is done accordingly, i.e., sufficient size and random samples are taken into
consideration.
6. Fast data collection. Depending on the type of data needed, collection can be quick
and easy. Quantitative research uses standardized research instruments that allow
the researcher to collect data from a large sample size efficiently. For instance, a
single survey form can be administered simultaneously to collect various measurable
characteristics like age, gender, socio-economic status, etc.
7. Reliable data. Data is taken and analyzed objectively from a sample as a
representative of the population, making it more credible and reliable for policy and
decision making.
8. Replication. The quantitative method can be repeated to verify findings enhancing its
validity – free from false or immature conclusions.

Strengths and Weaknesses of Quantitative Research

Strengths Weaknesses
1. Quantitative research can be 1. It lacks the necessary data to
replicated or repeated. explore a problem or concept in
2. Findings can be generalized to depth.
the population. 2. It does not provide comprehensive
3. Conclusive establishment of explanation of human experiences.
cause and effect. 3. Some information cannot be
4. Numerical and quantifiable described by numerical data such
data can be used to predict as feelings and beliefs.
outcomes. 4. The research design is rigid and not
5. Fast and easy data analysis very flexible.
using statistical software. 5. The participants are limited to
6. Fast and easy data gathering. choose only from the given
7. Very objective. responses.
8. Validity and reliability can be 6. The respondents may tend to
established. provide inaccurate responses.
7. A large sample size makes data
collection more costly.

(Source: "Quantitative Research Design", Explorable.com, accessed July 16, 2020,

https://explorable.com/quantitative-research-design.)
5
 Let’s Practice

Directions: Identify which statements describe QUANTITATIVE research. On the second

column, put a heart shape ( ) if it describes quantitative research and a circle ( ) if it
does not.

Statements
1. Emphasizes on the study of phenomena from the
perspective of those who experience it.
2. Interested on the causes of the phenomenon.
3. Most cases cannot be generalized.
4. Attempts to remain independent or detached from
the phenomena that one studies.
5. Uses interpretive frameworks.
6. Concerned about findings that can be generalized.
7. Applies the deductive process.
8. Applies the inductive process.
9. Concerned about in-depth understanding of the
situation.
10. Concerned about figures.

Directions: Analyze the statements below. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and
FALSE if incorrect. Write your answers on the space provided before each number.

________1. Quantitative research tells the quality of some phenomena.

________2. Quantitative data describes variables.

________3. Close-ended question interviews can be conducted in quantitative research.

________4. Quantitative research can give results within a range.

________5. Quantitative research design is an excellent way of finalizing result and proving
or disproving a hypothesis.

6
 Let’s Do More

Directions: Based on the defining features of the types of quantitative research, classify
the following sample research questions below as to its type.

Examples of Research Questions
1. The relationship between successful
career and educational attainment
Types of Research
• Causal-Comparative
Research
• Experimental Research
• Correlational Research
• Descriptive Research

2. The effect of counselling and medical

treatment on alcoholism

3. The relationship between entrance

exam results and attendance in
review centers

4. The effect of studying in catholic

schools on the moral value system of
its graduates

5. The effect of strict math teacher on

the students’ attitude and
attendance

6. A description senior high school

student celebrates their birthdays

7. The relationship between successful

career and educational attainment

8. A description of the attitudes of

women’s groups towards Rodrigo
Duterte’s jokes about an Australian
rape victim

9. The effect of support groups on

smoking

10. The effect of good family upbringing

to students’ performance in class

7
Directions:
1. Identify a topic of interest. It maybe something that you have read or was told by a
friend. It maybe something that you have been curious about since you entered senior
high school. It may also be something based on your own life experiences.
2. Focus the topic of interest. Provide a brief description of it. What aspect of the topic
you are interested in?
3. Draft a working title. Working on a tentative answer is important at this stage, it can
help focus the direction of your study. You can change it as you progress with your
research.
4. Write your answers to these instructions by completing the statements below.

My study is about __________________________________________________________________

In the study, I would like to look into

_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

My study’s tentative title is

_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

Let’s Sum It Up
Directions: Write your learnings about the following:
1. Define quantitative research.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

2. Identify the types of quantitative research.

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

3. Enumerate the characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses of a quantitative

research._________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

8
 Let’s Assess
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on the space provided
before each number.
_____1. What is the most fundamental tool for all quantitative research methodologies and
studies which is used to ask questions to a sample of respondents using various types of
questionnaires?
A. Causal-comparative Research C. Descriptive Research
B. Correlation Research D. Survey Research
_____2. What type of research emphasizes objective measurements and the statistical,
mathematical, or numerical analysis of data collected through polls, questionnaires, and
surveys, or by manipulating pre-existing statistical data using computational techniques?
A. Applied Research C. Quantitative Research
B. Experimental Research D. Qualitative Research
_____3. Which of the following describes a quantitative research?
A. Micro B. Theory emergent C. Structured D. Words
_____4. What research is conducted to establish a relationship between two closely-knit
entities and how one impacts the other and the changes that are eventually observed?
A. Correlation Research C. Experimental Research
B. Descriptive Research D. Survey Research
_____5. Which of the following is used by researchers to conclude cause-effect equation
between two or more variables, where one variable is dependent on the other independent
variable?
A. Causal-comparative Research C. Descriptive Research
B. Correlation Research D. Survey Research
_____6. Which of the following states one of the strengths of a quantitative research?
A. Quantitative research can be costly.
B. Quantitative research requires extensive statistical treatment.
C. Quantitative research tends to turn out only proved or unproven results.
D. Quantitative research is reliable and valid way of concluding results.
_____7. Which of the following titles below is an example of a quantitative research?
A. Common characteristics of children into and not into sports.
B. Dengue prevention practices of different places in the Philippines.
C. Effects of types of music on the behaviors of children.
D. Stories behind the different artworks and different painters.
_____8. Which of the statements below DOES NOT describe a quantitative research?
A. A. Applies deductive method C. Concerned about numerical data
B. Applies inductive method D. Findings that can be generalized
_____9. Which of the following states one of the weaknesses of a quantitative research?
A. Quantitative research can be costly.
B. Quantitative research is reliable.
C. Quantitative methods can be repeated
D. Quantitative experiments filter out external factors
_____10. Which of the following statements is NOT a characteristic of a quantitative
research?
A. Statistical analysis of numerical data.
B. It provides a more credible and reliable result.
C. It delivers an in-depth understanding of the problem or study.
D. The results taken from a sample can be generalized to the population.

9
 Answer Key
Let’s Practice
Statements Qualitative or Quantitative
1 circle
2 heart
3 circle TRUE OR FALSE
4 heart 1. False
5 circle 2. False
6 heart
3. True
7 heart
8 circle
4. False
9 circle 5. True
10 heart

Let’s Do More Let’s Sum it up

Examples of Types of Research
Research
Questions
1 Correlational
2 Experimental
3 Correlational
4 Causal comparative
5 Experimental
6 Descriptive
7 Correlational
8 Descriptive
9 Experimental
10 Causal comparative
Answers may vary
1. Define quantitative research.
Quantitative research deals with the
characteristics observed from the research
subjects’ traits are translated numerically
and focuses on the analysis and
interpretation of the raw numerical data
gathered based on statistical outcomes.
2. Identify the kinds of quantitative research.
Descriptive Research
Survey Research
Causal-Comparative Research
Experimental Research
Correlational Research

Let’s Try 1.C 2.A 3.D 4.B 5.A 6.B 7.A 8.D 9.C 10.C

Let’s Assess 1.D 2.C 3.C 4.A 5.A 6.D 7.C 8.B 9.A 10.C

References
Online Sources
Agacite, Mark Vince. "Characteristics, Strengths, Weaknesses, Kinds of Quantitative
Research." Accessed July 10, 2020. https://www.academia.edu/.
Bryman, Allan. "Social Research Methods." New York: Oxford University Press. July 16,
2020.https://www.academia.edu/30520568/Social_Research_Methods_4th_Editio
n_by_Alan_Bryman_pdf
Shuttleworth, Martin. "Quantitative Research Design." Accessed July 16, 2020.
https://explorable.com/quantitative-research-design.
"Wearing Masks May Cut Transmission Rate up tp 85%." Accessed July 11, 2020.
https://www.doh.gov.ph/press-release.
10
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