Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Demand
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Demand Consider
Why are newspapers sold in vending
machines that allow you to take more than
one copy?
How much do you eat when you can eat all
you want?
What cures ‘spring fever’?
What economic principle is behind the
saying, “Been there, done that”?
Why do higher cigarette taxes cut smoking
by teens more than by other age groups?
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Objectives
The Demand Curve
Explain the law of demand
Interpret a demand schedule and
demand curve
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Key Terms
The Demand Curve
demand
law of demand
marginal utility
law of diminishing marginal utility
demand curve
quantity demanded
individual demand
market demand
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Demand
Demand indicates how much of a
product consumers are both willing
and able to buy at each possible price
during a given period, other things
remaining constant.
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Law of Demand
The law of demand says that quantity
demanded varies inversely with price, other
things constant. Thus, the higher the price,
the smaller the quantity demanded.
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Law of Demand
Demand, wants, and needs
Substitution effect
The change in the relative price (the price of one good relative to the
prices of other goods) causes the substitution effect
If all prices changed by same margin, there would be no substitution
effect
Income effect
Money income – the number of dollars you receive per period
Real income – measure in terms of how many goods and services
you can buy
Diminishing marginal utility
Marginal utility – additional satisfaction you derive from each item
Law of marginal utility you derive from each additional item
consumed decreases as your consumption increases (example:
pizza slices)
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Demand Schedule
and Demand Curve
Demand versus quantity demanded
Individual demand
Market demand
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Demand Schedule
Price Quantity Demanded
per Pizza per Week (millions)
a $15 8
b 12 14
c 9 20
d 6 26
e 3 32
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Demand Curve for Pizza
a
$15
b
Price per pizza
12
c
9
d
6
e
3
D
0
8 14 20 26 32
Millions of pizzas per week
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Individual Demand for Pizzas
(a) Hector (b) Brianna (c) Chris
4 4 4
dH dB dC
1 2 3 Pizzas 1 2 1
(per week)
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Market Demand for Pizzas
(d) Market demand for pizzas
dH + dB + dC = D
$12
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Price
1 2 3 6 Pizzas
(per week)
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Objectives
Elasticity of Demand
Compute the elasticity of demand and
explain its relevance.
Discuss factors that influence
elasticity of demand.
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Computing the
Elasticity of Demand
Elasticity of demand measures the
percentage change in quantity demanded
divided by percentage change in price.
Percentage change in
Elasticity quantity demanded
of
=
Percentage
demand change in price
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Computing
Elasticity of Demand
Elasticity values
>1 it is elastic
Percentage change in price will result in larger percentage
change in the quantity demanded
=1 it is unit-elastic
<1 it is inelastic
Demand is usually more elastic at higher prices and
less elastic with lower prices
Elasticity and total revenue
Price x’s quantity demanded at that price
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The Demand for Pizza
$15
Price per pizza
12
9
6
3
D
0
8 14 20 26 32
Millions of pizzas per week
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Determinants of
Demand Elasticity
Availability of substitutes
The greater the availability of substitutes for a good, the greater
the good’s elasticity of demand
Share of consumer’s budget spent on the good
Increase in prices reduced the demand because people are not
both willing and able to purchase @ higher prices
A matter of time
The longer the adjustment period, the greater the consumer’s
ability to substitute
Some elasticity estimates
The elasticity of demand is greater in the long run because
consumers have more time to adjust
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Demand Becomes
More Elastic Over Time
$1.25
1.00
Dy
Price per gallon
Dm
Dw
0 50 75 95100 Millions of gallons per day
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Selected
Elasticities of Demand
Product Short Run Long Run
Electricity (residential) 0.1 1.9
Air travel 0.1 2.4
Medical care and hospitalization 0.3 0.9
Gasoline 0.4 1.5
Movies 0.9 3.7
Natural gas (residential) 1.4 2.1
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Other Determinants of
Demand
Consumer Income
The prices of related goods
The number and composition of
consumers
Consumer expectations
Consumer tastes
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Changes in Consumer
Income
If income ↑, consumers willing and
able to buy more which ↑ demand
Demand curve shifts to the right
Two categories of goods:
Normal goods – demand increases as
money income increases
Inferior goods – demand decreases as
money income increases
Examples: used clothing, bus rides, etc.
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Changes in the Prices of
Related Goods
Substitutes
Decrease in price of one item will reduce
the demand for a substitute
Example: Tacos and Pizza
Complements
Certain goods used together
Example: airline tickets and car rentals
A decrease in the price of one shifts the
demand of the other rightward
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Changes in Prices of
Related Goods (cont)
Changes in size or composition of the
population will increase demand and shift
the curve to the right
Changes in consumer expectations can
shift the demand curve to the left or the
right
Changes in consumer tastes
Tastes are your likes and dislikes as a consumer
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Movement along
the Curve
Movement vs. Shift
A change in price, causes a movement
along the demand curve, changes the
quantity demanded
A change in one of the determinants of
demand other than price causes a shift of
a demand curve
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Extensions of Demand
Analysis
Role of time
Your willingness to pay more for time-
saving goods depends on the opportunity
cost of your time!
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