Professional Documents
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20%
Stack Lake Steam 6% Aux. Power + Losses 34% Electricity 100% Fuel Air
Boiler
Steam Turbine
Generator
Transmission
Steam
Boiler
Steam Turbine
Generator
Transmission
57-62%
100% Fuel
Stack
Combuster
Compressor
Turbine
Generator
Transmission
Combuster
Exhaust Gas
Air
Compressor
Turbine
Generator
Transmission
28%
Air
35-40% Electricity
Compressor
Turbine
Generator
Transmission
Boiler Steam & Water System Air & Flue Gas System BOILER Fuel Preparation System Fuel Firing System Boiler Miscellaneous Systems Boiler Feed Pumps & Deaerator System Turbine Steam System TURBINEGENERATOR HP & LP Heaters System Turbine Supervisory & Control System Generator & Electrical System Turbine Miscellaneous Systems Turbine Bypass System
UNIT#2
DM Plant
Steam & Water Air & Flue Gas BOILER Fuel Preparation Fuel Firing
UNIT#2
UNIT#3
Miscellaneous Systems
DM Plant
BOILER FUNDAMENTALS
Blowdown
Air
Ash
COMBUSTION REQUIREMENTS
Fuel is Gasified
Heat
Flue Gas Products H2O CO2
O2
H2 C
Heat
Flue Gas Products H2O CO2 CO H2 C
O2
Other Combustibles - Sulphur to Sulphur Oxides Non-combustible - Nitrogen to Nitrogen+Nitrous Oxides Ash
Attemperator Platen Final Super Re Heater Heater Down Comers Primary Re Heater Final Super Heater Primary Super Heater Cold Reheat Steam Spray Water
Flue Gas
Economiser
Feed Water
Process Regulation Drum Level - Regulation of Feed Water flow Drum Water Quality - Blow down / Chemical Dozing Fouling of Heat Transfer Surfaces - Blowdown / Soot Blowing Main Steam Temperature - Attemperation / Burner Tilt Hot Reheat Steam Temperature - Burner Tilt / Attemperation Main Steam Pressure - Regulation of Combustion
PA FAN B
FURNACE
FD FAN B
Process Performance Highlights Generation of Draft - Natural / Induced / Forced / Balanced Supply of Air for Transport of Pulverised Coal Pre-heating of Air Distribution of Air in Combustion Chamber Recirculation of Gas Fan capacity depends on Flow, Density & System Resistance Fan performance is affected by temperature, density, barometric pressure and speed Flue Gas Cleaning Gas flow is restricted by ash deposits on boiler surfaces
Major Equipment Air Path - Forced Draft Fans, Steam Coil Air Pre-heater, Regenerative Air Pre-heater & Wind-box Gas Path - Induced Draft Fans and Stack Gas Recirculation - Gas Recirculating Fans Flue Gas Cleaning - Mechanical Precipitator, Electrostatic Precipitator and Gas Scrubber Dampers
Process Regulation Furnace Draft - ID Fan Inlet Vane Control and/or Variable Speed Secondary Air Flow - FD Fan Variable Pitch Control PA Header Pressure - PA Fan Inlet Vane Control RAPH Cold End Temperature - SCAPH Control Gas Recirculation - Damper Control
Cold PA
To Other Mills
FUEL GAS
Atomising Steam/Air PCV Fuel Oil Return PCV Short Recirc Long Recirc
To Burners
FUEL OIL
Process Performance Highlights Coal Pulverizing - Direct / Indirect Firing Coal Transport and Drying Fuel Gas Pressure Regulation Fuel Oil Pumping & Filtering Fuel Oil Pressure & Viscosity Regulation Gas Pressure & Oil Pressure/Temperature affect Boiler Load
Major Equipment Burners Ignitors Flame Scanners Burner Tilt Mechanism Wind Box Dampers
Process Regulation Furnace to Wind Box Differential Pressure Fuel Air Flows Fuel Firing Emergency Shutdown Flame Monitoring Oil Support for Coal Flame Stability
Boiler Auxiliary Cooling Water System Ensures continuous supply of cooling water to Boiler & its auxiliaries Consists of Overhead Tank, Pumps & Heat Exchangers Chemical Dosing System Prepares & supplies chemicals for treatment of Boiler Water Consists of Preparation Tanks, Mixers & Metering Pumps
Discharge Valve
Process Performance Highlights Boiler Water pre-heating & air removal Maintain positive Suction Pressure for Feed Pumps Feed Water Pumping to Boiler
Process Regulation Deaerator Pressure Deaerator Level BFP Minimum Recirculation Feed Pump Speed
LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
Conservation of Energy - Heat may be converted in to work and work may be converted in to heat, in accordance with a certain natural proportionality constant (ENERGY CAN NOT BE DESTROYED) Not all of a given quantity of Heat can be converted in to useful Work, because of irreversbility in the process (ENTROPY OF THE UNIVERSE IS INCREASING)
T
Heat Available for Work
Unavailable Heat
Condensing Turbine Back Pressure Turbine Regenerative Turbine Controlled Extraction No. of Cylinders Speed - Constant / Variable Single / Double Flow
LP
Turbine
Major Equipment Turbine - Casing, Rotor & Blades Emergency Stop Valves Control Valves Condenser
HP HTR
LP HTR
Process Performance Highlights Pumping of Condensate from Hotwell to Deaerator Gradual Heating of Feed Water Temperature Minimise Heat Loss from the Cycle
Turning Gear
OIL SYSTEMS
WARM UP SYSTEM
Process Regulation Speed / Load / Frequency Control Gland Steam Pressure Control
Condenser Cooling Water System Supplies Cooling Water Condensation of Turbine Exhaust Steam Turbine Auxiliary Cooling Water System Ensures continuous supply of cooling water to Turbine & its auxiliaries Consists of Overhead Tank, Pumps & Heat Exchangers Chemical Dosing System Prepares & supplies chemicals for treatment of Condensate Consists of Preparation Tanks, Mixers & Metering Pumps
To Unit#2
Condenser Waterbox A B
CW Makeup Water
CW Supply Header
PRV
HRH
To IPT
Condensate Condenser
GENERATOR FUNDAMENTALS
WORKING PRINCIPLE
Converts Mechanical Energy in to Electrical Energy Based on Electro-magnetic Induction E = 4.44 O FN volts E - e. m. f. O - Strength of Magnetic Field F - Frequency N - No. of Turns in a Stator Winding Coil F = Pn/120 P - No. of Poles n - Revolution per second of Rotor
Losses - Bearing Loss, Copper Loss & Iron Loss Typically Efficiency is 90-97%
Generator Transformer
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
132 KV Bus II
Circuit Breaker
GT
Unit Auxiliary Transformer From Station Bus From Station Bus 6.6 kV Unit Bus B
11 kV
Soot Blower Sequential Control Wall Blowers Long Retractable Blowers Air Heater Blowers
Automatic Turbine Run-up System Oil Supply Control - Turning Gear, Auxiliary Oil Pumps, Emergency Oil Pump, Jacking Oil Pump and Lube Oil Temperature Condensate & Evacuation Control - Condensate Extraction Pumps, Gland Steam Pressure, Vacuum Pumps and Vacuum Breaker Valve Turbine Control - Steam & Metal Temperature Matching, Warming up of HP ESV & CV, Steam Rolling & Acceleration and Auto Synchroniser