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MOVEMENT!
• All matter is made up of atoms that are
moving…even solid objects have atoms that
are vibrating.
• The motion from the atoms gives the object
energy.
TEMPERAT
• Temperature isURE
proportional to the average kinetic
energy of particles in a substance.
• The kinetic energy of an individual particle in a
substance changes with time—only the average
value of its kinetic energy is related to
temperature.
© 2014 Pearson Education,
Inc.
TEMPERAT
URE
•The quantity that tells how hot
or cold something is.
•The measure of the average
kinetic energy of all the
particles in the object.
•The atoms mass and speed
determine the temperature of the
object. cse.ssl.berkeley.edu
TEMPERAtuRE, ENERGy AND
HEAt
• The total amount of energy in a substance—the sum of
all of its kinetic and potential energy—is referred to as
its internal energy, or thermal energy.
• Adding thermal energy to a system is known as heating,
and removing thermal energy is known as cooling.
© 2014 Pearson Education,
Inc.
TEMPERAtuRE, ENERGy AND
HEAt
cse.ssl.berkeley.edu
• In the Celsius scale, named in honor of the Swedish
astronomer Anders Celsius, water freezes at zero degrees
Celsius, or 0 C, and boils at one hundred degrees Celsius, or
100 C.
• The choice of zero level for a temperature scale is completely
arbitrary, as is the number of degrees between any two
reference points.
© 2014 Pearson Education,
Inc.
• In the Fahrenheit scale, developed by Gabriel Fahrenheit, water
freezes at 32 F and boils at 212 F.
• The Fahrenheit scale not only has a different zero than the Celsius
scale, but also has a different size degree.
• In the Fahrenheit scale, 180 degrees make up the span from the
freezing point to the boiling point of water; only 100 degrees are
needed for this span on the Celsius scale.
100 5
© 2014 Pearson Education,
180 9 Inc.
• The following relationship can be used to convert to a Fahrenheit
temperature, TF, from a Celsius temperature, TC:
Also:
TF = 1.8TC + 32 © 2014 Pearson Education,
Inc.
• A conversion in the opposite direction is given by the
following:
Also:
TC = 0.556(TF – 32) © 2014 Pearson Education,
Inc.
• Experiments show that there is a lowest temperature. The lowest
possible temperature, called absolute zero, is the temperature below
which it is impossible to cool an object.
• Absolute zero can be approached, but can never be attained.
• Careful measurements show that absolute zero is −273.15 C.
chesapeake.towson.edu
QUANTITY OF
• How muchHEAT
heat is being transferred is measured by
noting the changes that accompanies the process.
Example of a change is the increase or decrease in the
temperature.
• Unit: calorie
• For food energy, the unit is also calorie, (c) 1 food
calorie is 1000 calories or 1 food calorie = 1 kilocalorie.
MECHANICAL EQUIVALENT
OF HEAT
• James Prescott Joule (December 24, 1818-
October 11,1889) a Fellow Royal Society, an
English Physicist, born in Sale, Cheshire. He
discovered that heat and mechanical energy are
interconvertible, and that transfomations from
one to the other occur in a fixed proportion,
known as the mechanical equivalent of heat.
HEAT
CAPACITY
Why do some objects
remain hotter much longer
than others?
HEAT
CAPACITY
• If 10g and 1000 g of water are heated using the same
heat source, 1000g of water will take longer time to
heat for the same temperature change as that of the
10g of water. This shows that the amount of heat
needed to change the temperature of an object
depends on its mass. The larger the mass, the more
heat is required.
HEAT
CAPACITY
• (C) the amount of heat needed to raise the
temperature of a body by 1 K or 1⁰C.
• Heat capacity is calculated using the
formula:
• C = Q/▲T
C = heat capacity, q = amount of heat
absorbed and
EXAMP
LE
• How much heat is needed to raise the
temperature of 0.800 kg ethyl alcohol
from 15.0 °C to its boiling point, 78.3 °C?
SPECIFIC HEAT
CAPACITY
• Specific heat of any substance is defined as
the quantity of heat required to change
the temperature of a unit mass of the
substance by 1 degree.
RELATING THE QUANTITY OF
HEAT TO THE
TEMPERATURE CHANGE
• Specific heat capacities provide a means of mathematically relating the
amount of thermal energy gained (or lost) by a sample of any substance
to the sample's mass and its resulting temperature change. The
relationship between these four quantities is often expressed by the
following equation.
Q = m•C•ΔT
EXAMPLE
PROBLEM 1
• What quantity of heat is required to raise the
temperature of 450 grams of water from
15°C to 85°C? The specific heat capacity of
water is 4.18 J/g/°C.
EXAMPLE
PROBLEM
• What quantity of heat is 1 Given:
required to raise the m = 450 g
temperature of 450 grams of C = 4.18 J/g/°C
water from 15°C to 85°C? The Tinitial = 15°C
specific heat capacity of Tfinal = 85°C
water is 4.18 J/g/°C.
Solution
T = Tfinal - Tinitial = 85°C - 15°C = 70.°C
:
Q = m•C•ΔT = (450 g)•(4.18 J/g/°C)•(70.°C)
Q = 131670 J
EXAMPLE
PROBLEM 2
• A 12.9 gram sample of an unknown metal at 26.5°C is placed
in a Styrofoam cup containing 50.0 grams of water at
88.6°C. The water cools down and the metal warms up until
thermal equilibrium is achieved at 87.1°C. Assuming all the
heat lost by the water is gained by the metal and that the
cup is perfectly insulated, determine the specific heat
capacity of the unknown metal. The specific heat capacity
of water is
4.18 J/g/°C.
• Part 1: Determine the Heat
Lost by the Water Solve for Qwater:
• Given:
Qwater = m•C•ΔT = (50.0
• m = 50.0 g
g)•(4.18 J/g/°C)•(-1.5°C)
• C = 4.18 J/g/°C Qwater = -313.5 J
• Tinitial = 88.6°C (unrounded)
• Tfinal = 87.1°C (The - sign indicates that
• ΔT = -1.5°C (Tfinal - Tinitial) heat is lost by the
water)
Part 2: Determine the value Solve for Cmetal:
of Cmetal
Rearrange Qmetal =
Given: mmetal•Cmetal•ΔT metal to obtain
Cmetal = Qmetal / (mmetal•ΔTmetal)
Qmetal = 313.5 J (use a +
sign since the metal is
Cmetal = Qmetal / (mmetal•ΔTmetal)
gaining heat)
= (313.5 J)/[(12.9 g)•(60.6°C)]
m = 12.9 g Cmetal = 0.40103 J/g/°C
Tinitial = 26.5°C
Tfinal = 87.1°C Cmetal = 0.40 J/g/°C (rounded to
ΔT = (Tfinal - two significant digits)
Tinitial )
QUANTITIES OF
QuantityHEAT
Symbol Unit Meaning
Energy transfer that produces
Joule (J) SI Unit or results from a difference
Heat Q calorie (cal) in temperature.
🠶Conduction
🠶Convection
🠶Radiation
CONDUCTION
Conduction heat transfer is the flowing of heat energy
from A high-temperature object to A lower-temperature
object.
CONDUCTION
As you heat the metal, the particles vibrate, these vibrations make the adjacent
particles vibrate, and so on and so on, the vibrations are passed
along the metal and so is the heat. We call this? Conduction
METALS ARE DIFFERENT
The outer electrons of metal atoms drift,
and are free to move.
It is warmer at the
bottom, so this
It is put at the top,
warmer air rises
because cool air
and a convection
sinks, so it cools the
current is set up.
food on the way down.
RADIATION
THE THIRD METHOD OF HEAT
TRANSFER
How does heat energy get There are no particles
from the Sun to the Earth? between the Sun and the
Earth so it CANNOT travel
by conduction or by
convection.
? RADIATION
RADIATI
ON Radiation travels in straight lines
True/False
Radiation requires particles to
travel
True/False
Radiation travels at the speed of light
True/False
RADIATI
ON by electromagnetic
• The transfer of energy
waves.
Examples:
• Sun
• Fire
• Light bulb
RADIATIO
N
• The energy that travels by
electromagnetic waves
(visible light, microwaves,
and infrared light)
• Radiation from the sun
strikes the atoms in your
body and transfers energy
www.chemheritage.org
RADIATION
QUESTION
Why are houses
painted white in
hot countries?
A. Radiation
B. Insulation
C. Conduction
D. Convection
2.In which of the following are the
particles closest together?
A. Solid
B. Liquid
C. Gas
D. Fluid
3. How does heat energy reach the
Earth from the Sun?
A. Radiation
B. Conduction
C. Convection
D. Insulation
1.Which is the best surface for reflecting
heat radiation?
A. Shiny white
B. Dull white
C. Shiny black
D. Dull black
5. Which is the best surface for
absorbing heat radiation?
A. Shiny white
B. Dull white
C. Shiny black
D. Dull black
PHASE
CHANGES
REVIEW: 4 PHASES OF MATTER
• Solid (slowest)
• Liquid (medium)
• Gas (fast)
• Plasma (fastest)
WHAT IS A PHASE
CHANGE?
• Is a change from one state of matter
(solid, liquid, gas, plasma) to another.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tuE1LePDZ4Y
MELTIN
• solid liquid G
• Molecules speed up, move
farther apart, and absorb
heat energy
• Endothermic
FREEZI
NG• liquid solid
• Molecules slow down, move
closer together and release
heat energy.
• Exothermic
VAPORIZATION
(BOILING)
• Liquid Gas
• Endothermic
EVAPORATI
ON • Liquid gas on the surface
of a liquid (occurs at all
temperatures).
• Molecules speed up, move
farther apart, and absorb
heat energy.
• Endothermic
CONDENSATI
ON
• Gas Liquid
• Molecule slow down, move
closer together and release heat
energy.
• Exothermic
SUBLIMATI
• Solid Gas ON
• Molecules speed up, move
farther apart, and absorb heat
energy.
• Endothermic
DEPOSITI
• Gas Solid ON
• Molecules slow
down, move closer
together and release
heat energy.
• Exothermic
GRAPHING A PHASE
CHANGE
MELTING & BOILING
POIN
• Melting Point: TStemperature at which a solid changes
The
into a liquid.
• Boiling Point: The temperature at which a liquid changes
into a gas.