Sensors, Cloud and IoT -The

Trangle of NextGen
Technological innovations
Sensors
• A sensor is a device that detects and responds to events or
changes in its physical environment, and sends the
information to other electronics devices .

• The specific input could be light, heat, motion, moisture,

pressure, or any one of a great number of other
environmental phenomena.
Some Commonly used Sensors
Temperature Sensor
• A Temperature Sensor, as the name suggests, senses the temperature i.e.,
it measures the changes in the temperature.

• Some Applications are Medical, healthcare monitoring, Fire alarms.

Proximity Sensors
• A Proximity Sensor is a non-contact type sensor that detects the presence of an
object.
• Proximity Sensors can be implemented using different techniques
like Optical (like Infrared or Laser), Sound (Ultrasonic), Magnetic (Hall Effect),
Capacitive, etc.
• Some of the applications of Proximity Sensors are Mobile Phones, Cars (Parking
Sensors),
industries (object alignment), Ground Proximity in Aircrafts, etc.
Infrared Sensor (IR Sensor)
• IR Sensors or Infrared Sensor are light based sensor that are used
in various applications like Proximity and Object Detection.

• IR Sensors are used as proximity sensors in almost all mobile

phones.

Ultrasonic Sensor
• An Ultrasonic Sensor is a non-contact type device that can be
used to measure distance as well as velocity of an object.
• An Ultrasonic Sensor works based on the properties of the sound
waves with frequency greater than that of the human audible
range.
• Ultrasonic sensors that use reflected ultrasonic waves to measure
distance.
Optical Sensors
• There are several applications for optics within the sensor market today:
• Sensing light, IR and UV
• Detecting Object Distance, Absence/Presence
• Replacement of Conventional Sensors

Smoke and Gas Sensors

• One of the very useful sensors in safety related applications are Smoke and
Gas Sensors. Almost all offices and industries are equipped with several
smoke detectors, which detect any smoke (due to fire) and sound an alarm.

• Gas Sensors are more common in laboratories, large scale kitchens and
industries.
They can detect different gases like LPG, Propane, Butane, Methane
(CH4), etc.
Alcohol Sensor
• Alcohol Sensor detects alcohol.

• Usually, alcohol sensors are used in breathalyzer devices, which determine whether a
person is drunk or not. Law enforcement personnel uses breathalyzers to catch
drunk-and-drive culprits.

Touch Sensor
• We do not give much importance to touch sensors but they became an integral part
of our life. Whether you know or not, all touch screen devices (Mobile Phones,
Tablets, Laptops, etc.) have touch sensors in them. Another common application of
touch sensor is trackpads in our laptops.

• Touch Sensors, as the name suggests, detect touch of a finger or a stylus. Often touch
sensors are classified into Resistive and Capacitive type. Almost all modern touch
sensors are of Capacitive Types as they are more accurate and have better signal to
noise ratio.
Color Sensor
• A Color Sensor is an useful device in building color sensing applications in
the field of image processing, color identification, industrial object tracking
etc.

• The TCS3200 is a simple Color Sensor, which can detect any color and
output a square wave proportional to the wavelength of the detected color.

Humidity Sensor
• Weather Monitoring Systems, they often provide temperature as well as
humidity data.
• Often all humidity sensors measure relative humidity (a ratio of water
content in air to maximum potential of air to hold water). Since relative
humidity is dependent on temperature of air, almost all Humidity Sensors
can also measure Temperature.
Tilt Sensor
• Often used to detect inclination or orientation,
• Tilt Sensors are one of the simplest and inexpensive sensors out there. Previously, tilt
sensors are made up of Mercury (and hence they are sometimes called as Mercury
Switches) but most modern tilt sensors contain a roller ball.

Camera Sensors
• Industrial cameras:  Factory automation and process control; automotive pass-by noise
tests, wind tunnel tests, brake tests; aerospace control surface tests, escape slide tests,
engine tests
• InfraRed cameras: energy and power tests, automotive ADAS (advanced driver
assistance systems)
• High-speed cameras: Ballistics testing; fluid dynamics research; materials testing;
automotive crash testing; aerospace wind tunnel testing.
Application Of Sensors
IoT
• The Internet of things (IoT) describes physical objects (or groups of
such objects) with sensors, processing ability, software, and other
technologies that connect and exchange data with other devices and
systems over the Internet or other communications networks.

• IoT systems allow users to achieve deeper automation, analysis, and

integration within a system.
Layers of IoT Architecture
IoT Sensors
• The most important hardware in IoT might be its sensors.
• These devices consist of energy modules, power management
modules, RF modules, and sensing modules.
• RF modules manage communications through their signal processing,
WiFi, ZigBee, Bluetooth, radio transceiver, duplexer, and BAW.
The sensing module manages sensing through assorted active and
passive measurement devices. Here is a list of some of the measurement
devices used in IoT −
S.No. Devices
1. accelerometers temperature sensors
2. magnetometers proximity sensors
3. gyroscopes image sensors
4. acoustic sensors light sensors
5. pressure sensors gas RFID sensors
6. humidity sensors micro flow sensors
* Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of interconnected
objects, usually called smart devices, through the Internet.

IoT Enablers:

• RFIDs: uses radio waves in order to electronically track the tags attached to each
physical object. Ex . credit cards, automobile ignition keys.
• Sensors: devices that are able to detect changes in an environment (ex: motion
detectors).
• Actuators: Devices which is a contrast to sensors. It transforms electrical signals
into physical movements.
• Nanotechnology: as the name suggests, these are extremely small devices with
dimensions usually less than a hundred nanometers.
• Smart networks: (ex: mesh topology).
Characteristics of IoT: 
• Massively scalable and efficient
• IP-based addressing will no longer be suitable in the upcoming future.
• An abundance of physical objects is present that do not use IP, so IoT is made possible.
• Devices typically consume less power. When not in use, they should be automatically
programmed to sleep.
• A device that is connected to another device right now may not be connected in another
instant of time.
• Intermittent connectivity – IoT devices aren’t always connected. In order to save
bandwidth and battery consumption, devices will be powered off periodically when not
in use. Otherwise, connections might turn unreliable and thus prove to be inefficient.
Application Fields of IoT;-
Smart wearable devices:-
• Head − Helmets, glasses
• Neck − Jewelry, collars
• Arm − Watches, wristbands, rings
• Torso − Clothing, backpacks
• Feet − Socks, shoes
IoT - Media, Marketing, & Advertising
Education Applications
• IoT in the classroom combines the benefits of IoT in content delivery,
business, and healthcare. It customizes and enhances education by allowing
optimization of all content and forms of delivery. It enables educators to give
focus to individuals and their method. It also reduces costs and labor of
education through automation of common tasks outside of the actual
education process.

Environmental Monitoring
• The applications of IoT in environmental monitoring are broad −
environmental protection, extreme weather monitoring, water safety,
endangered species protection, commercial farming, and more. In these
applications, sensors detect and measure every type of environmental
change.
Manufacturing Applications
• Manufacturing technology currently in use exploits standard technology
along with modern distribution and analytics. IoT introduces deeper
integration and more powerful analytics. This opens the world of
manufacturing in a way never seen before, as organizations become fully
developed for product delivery rather than a global network of suppliers,
makers, and distributors loosely tied together.

Energy Applications
• The optimization qualities of IoT in manufacturing also apply to energy
consumption. IoT allows a wide variety of energy control and monitoring
functions, with applications in devices, commercial and residential energy
use, and the energy source. Optimization results from the detailed analysis
previously unavailable to most organizations and individuals.
 Healthcare Applications
• IoT systems applied to healthcare enhance existing technology, and the
general practice of medicine. They expand the reach of professionals within a
facility and far beyond it. They increase both the accuracy and size of
medical data through diverse data collection from large sets of real-world
cases. They also improve the precision of medical care delivery through more
sophisticated integration of the healthcare system.

Building/Housing Applications
• IoT applied to buildings and various structures allows us to automate routine
residential and commercial tasks and needs in a way that dramatically
improves living and working environments. This, as seen with manufacturing
and energy applications, reduces costs, enhances safety, improves individual
productivity, and enhances quality of life.
Transportation Applications
• At every layer of transportation, IoT provides improved
communication, control, and data distribution. These applications
include personal vehicles, commercial vehicles, trains, UAVs, and
other equipment. It extends throughout the entire system of all
transportation elements such as traffic control, parking, fuel
consumption, and more.

Government Applications
• IoT supports the development of smart nations and smart cities. This
includes enhancement of infrastructure previously discussed (e.g.,
healthcare, energy, transportation, etc.), defense, and also the
engineering and maintenance of communities.
Law Enforcement Applications
• IoT enhances law enforcement organizations and practice, and improves the
justice system. The technology boosts transparency, distributes critical data,
and removes human intervention where it proves unnecessary.

Security
• Every connected device creates opportunities for attackers. These
vulnerabilities are broad, even for a single small device. The risks posed
include data transfer, device access, malfunctioning devices, and always-
on/always-connected devices.
• The main challenges in security remain the security limitations associated
with producing lowcost devices, and the growing number of devices which
creates more opportunities for attacks.
Cloud computing
• Cloud computing means storing and accessing the data and programs
on remote servers that are hosted on internet instead of computer’s
hard drive or local server.
• Cloud computing is also referred as Internet based computing.
•  It allows us to create, configure, and customize the business
applications online.
• Cloud computing offers platform independency, as the software is not
required to be installed locally on the PC. Hence, the Cloud
Computing is making our business applications mobile and
collaborative .
Hosting a cloud:
There are three layers in cloud computing.
• Infrastructure
• Platform
• Application
Types of Cloud
Public Cloud
• The public cloud allows systems and services to be easily accessible to the general public. Public
cloud may be less secure because of its openness.
Private Cloud
• The private cloud allows systems and services to be accessible within an organization. It is more
secured because of its private nature.
Community Cloud
• The community cloud allows systems and services to be accessible by a group of organizations.
Hybrid Cloud
• The hybrid cloud is a mixture of public and private cloud, in which the critical activities are
performed using private cloud while the non-critical activities are performed using public cloud.
Cloud Based Services
• Anything-as-a-Service (XaaS) - a service model, which includes
Network-as-a-Service, Business-as-a-Service, Identity-as-a-Service,
Database-as-a-Service or Strategy-as-a-Service.
• Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) - the most basic level of service. It
provides access to fundamental resources such as physical machines,
virtual machines, virtual storage, etc.
• Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) - provides the runtime environment for
applications, development and deployment tools, etc.
• Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)-  model allows to use software
applications as a service to end-users.
IoT & Cloud
* One component that improves the success of the Internet of Things is Cloud Computing.

• Cloud computing enables users to perform computing tasks using

services provided over the Internet.
• The use of the Internet of Things in conjunction with cloud
technologies has become a kind of catalyst: the Internet of Things and
cloud computing are now related to each other.
• These are true technologies of the future that will bring many benefits.
A Typical IoT and Cloud Communication Scenario

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IoT Devices
User/Device Controller
Benefits And Functions of IoT Cloud:
1. IoT Cloud Computing provides many connectivity options, implying large
network access. People use a wide range of devices to gain access to cloud
computing resources: mobile devices, tablets, laptops. This is convenient for
users but creates the problem of the need for network access points.
2. Developers can use IoT cloud computing on-demand,it is a web service
accessed without special permission or any help. The only requirement is
Internet access.
3. Based on the request, users can scale the service according to their needs. Fast
and flexible means you can expand storage space, edit software settings, and
work with the number of users. Due to this characteristic, it is possible to
provide deep computing power and storage.
4. Cloud Computing implies the pooling of resources. It influences increased
collaboration and builds close connections between users.
5. As the number of IoT devices and automation in use grows, security
concerns emerge. Cloud solutions provide companies with reliable
authentication and encryption protocols.
6. Finally, IoT cloud computing is convenient because you get exactly as
much from the service as you pay. This means that costs vary depending on
use: the provider measures your usage statistics. A growing network of
objects with IP addresses is needed to connect to the Internet and exchange
data between the components of the network.
7. It is important to note that cloud architecture must be well-designed since
reliability, security, economy, and performance optimization depends upon
it. Using well-designed CI/CD pipelines, structured services, and sandboxed
environments results in a secure environment and agile development.
Comparison of Internet of Things and
Cloud Computing:
• Cloud is a centralized system helping to transfer and deliver data and
files to data centers over the Internet.
• A variety of data and programs are easy to access from a centralized
cloud system.
• The Internet of Things refers to devices connected to the Internet. In
the IoT, data is stored in real-time, as well as historical data.
• The IoT can analyze and instruct devices to make effective decisions,
as well as track how certain actions function.
The Role of Cloud Computing on the
Internet of Things:
• Cloud computing works to improve the efficiency of daily tasks in
conjunction with the Internet of Things.
• Cloud computing is about providing a path for data to reach its
destination while the Internet of Things generates a huge amount of data.
• According to Amazon Web Services, there are four benefits of cloud
computing:
• No need to pre-guess infrastructure capacity needs
• Saves money, because you only need to pay for those resources that you use, the larger
the scale, the more savings
• In a few minutes, platforms can be deployed around the world
• Flexibility and speed in providing resources to developers
•  Cloud computing in combination with the Internet of Things will
make fundamental changes to the life of mankind, particularly in how
information is managed.
• The cloud is the only technology that can analyze, store, and access
the IoT depending on the deployment model. Because of the nature of
on-demand information, cloud computing with an Internet connection
is available on any device at any time.
• As hybrid cloud adoption grows, many companies are realizing its
benefits and the need to implement it.
• Cloud computing will continue to open up new opportunities for the
IoT for a long time to come. 
• The use of Sensors makes IoT more futuristic.
• The implementation of Cloud in the IoT platform, it becomes more
useful and creates new innovations for the creation of new smart
devices .

“anytime, anyplace, anything in connectivity.”

Thanks