Prepared by : Yasser Deghaidy

Based on Bosch material , JBL material and

others

March 2009

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 Audio Visual systems

Audio Systems
Visual systems

Switching & Control

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Sound :
Sound is a series of vibrations compressing and
rarefying the air which cause small variation
on this static air pressure

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 Sound

 Speech: our vocal cords bring air into motion

 Loudspeaker: the cone brings air into motion

Magnet

Voice coil

Membrane

 Cone loudspeaker
(Moving coil loudspeaker)

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Loudspeaker: the
cone brings air
into motion

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Sound

 2 important theoretical
models for sound sources

 Point source

 Line source

Sound waves from a point source

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1m

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 2m

 Doubling of distance
 Quadrupling of surface

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3m

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 Sound

 When the distance increases by a factor r, the sound

pressure decreases by a factor r2.

 This results in the following rule of thumb:

Ldir  L1  20 log( R )

Ldir Direct SPL

L1 Direct SPL @ 1m from the source
R Distance to the source

SPL – 6 dB when the distance is doubled

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1m

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 2m

 Doubling of distance
 Doubling of surface

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 3m

 Tripling of distance
 Tripling of surface

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Sound in a room

 In a room sound waves cannot

expand freely

 Sound waves meet the walls

 At the walls 3 things can happen:

◦ Reflection
◦ Absorption
◦ Scattering

 In case of reflection and scattering

sound waves are coming back

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 Sound in a room

Incident

 The direct field of

the source is
divided in a Scattering
number of infinite
small sound rays
Reflected
Absorbed
 At surfaces 3 things
happen to rays:
 Reflection
 Scattering
 Absorption

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Sound interaction at walls

 When a sound
wave hits a
material
i
 Part of the
sound is
reflected
r t
 Part of the
sound enters
the medium

i = r
t depends on the material

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Sound interaction at walls

 Sound is reflected into a

range of directions

 This causes a diffuse sound

field

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Sound

 Non-correlating sounds: summation of power

◦ Sounds coming from separated sources at a large distance
◦ Example: 2 equal levels = + 3 dB

 Correlating sounds: summation of sound pressure

◦ Sounds coming from sources in a cluster or an array
◦ Example: 2 equal levels = + 6 dB

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Our ear converses the air
disturbance into electrical
signals that go to our
brains.

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 SPL
Between 0 dB and 120 dB

 Frequency Band
Between 20 Hz and 20 KHz

 Intelligibility

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 The static air pressure is 1 bar or 100.000 Pascal [Pa]

 Sound is a small variation on this static pressure

◦ Threshold of hearing is 20 micropascal
◦ Threshold of pain is 200 pascal

 When talking about sound pressure, the static

pressure is ignored

 Our ear has a huge dynamics: a factor 10 million

between the threshold of hearing and the threshold
of pain.

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 SPL is measured in dB (a logarithmic scale)

 Why?
◦ Our ear does not convert sound pressure linearly to
loudness (2 Pa is not twice as loud as 1 Pa)

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Sound pressure level
Threshold of pain

Threshold of hearing

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Sound
Hearing damage likely

Hearing damage possible

Upper limit sound reinforcement
Contemporary music systems

Home theatre Systems / cinema

Foreground music systems

Speech reinforcement systems
Face to face conversation
Background music system

Typical ambient level

Minimum ambient level

Threshold of hearing

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 The minimum sound level requirement for
adequate speech intelligibility is defined as
 follows:
 • General:message ≥ 65 dB(A)
 • In sleeping areas, at the bed’s head side:

message ≥ 75 dB(A)
 • Above environnemental noise , message

above noise : ≥ 6-20dB(A)

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Sound

 Sound is a summation of
single tones

 A tone is a sinusoid with

a specific frequency

 The frequency f [Hz] is

the amount of periods
per second (f = 1/T)

Period T [s]

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 Sound

Some examples of pure tones

dB(SPL)
90

80
Level

70

60

50
80
125160 250 315 500 630 1k 1.25
2k 2.5
4k 5
8k 10 Hz
100 200 400 800 1.6 3.2 6.3 12.5

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 intelligibility of speech is understanding of
the speech

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 Background noise
 Signal-to-noise ratio
 Distortion
 Frequency response
 Acoustic power

 Delayed sound arrivals

 Reverberation time of the room
????

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 The reverberation time (T) of a room is the
time taken for the sound level to fall by 60 dB.

Reverberation Time = RT60

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 Room volume
 Internal room material (finishing material)
 Furniture
 Occupancy

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 RT60 = 0,161 V/∑ (Si αi)
 V = room volume
 Si = surface area (m2)
 αi = Observation coefficient

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 Alcons : Percentage Articulation Loss of
Consonants (%)

 STI : Speech Transmission Index : STI (0 to 1)

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 Vowels (A, E, I, O, U)
◦ Slow fluctuations
◦ 30 – 300 ms
◦ Carry sound power

 Consonants
◦ Impulsive and/or noisy
◦ Occur in the range 2 – 9 kHz
◦ Duration = 10 – 100 ms
◦ Mainly responsible for speech intelligibility

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STI employs a complex amplitude modulation
scheme to generate its test signal. At the
receiving end of the communication system,
the depth of modulation of the received signal
is compared with that of the test signal in
each of a number of frequency bands.
Reductions in the modulation depth are
associated with loss of intelligibility.

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 STI: 98 data points (15 min)
 RASTI: 9 data points (15 s)
 For fast evaluation of speech
intelligibility
 This measure is not used a lot
any more.

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 STI 0 - 0.3 0.3 - 0.45 0.45 - 0.6 0.60 - 0.75 0.75 - 1.0
unintelligible poor fair good excellent
Alcons 100 - 33% 33 - 15% 15 - 7% 7 - 3% 3 - 0%

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 By hand held meters
 By software : Microphone , laptop
 By simulation program: EASE

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Sound
Mixer
source
Amplifier

Sound
source

Sound
source

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Sound Amplifier
source
Amplifier
Sound Mixer
source Amplifier

Sound
DSP
source

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 Sound Systems

Public Address Systems

Low Ohmic systems

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Item Low Ohmic With Matching
transformer
Signal Level 1 V p to p : Short 100V, 70V, 50V :
distance cables long distance cables
Impedance matching 2Ω, 4Ω, 6Ω, 8 Ω: to Any amount of
be connected to an speakers within the
amplifier has the maximum power of
same impedance ⇉ the amplifier could
number of speakers be connected
is very limited
Noise Same signal coming Transformer add
out of the amplifier noise to transferred
signal
Frequency Same frequency Bad effect on
coming out of the frequency response
amplifier specially at high
frequencies 48
 Types of speakers :
. Passive Speakers
. Active speakers

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 Ceiling speakers :
- Flush mount
- Box type
. Power rating : 6 W with taped Matching
Transformer at 1, ½, ¼ ratings
. Frequency response : up to 16 KHz
. Opening angle

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 It is a housing contains a group of speakers.

Why ?

- Get more power , cover a longer distance

- Concentrate the sound beam vertically due to
phase difference between included speakers

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Ceiling speaker

Column Speaker
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No Overlap ,spacing distance = 2r, where r is the radius of
the speaker’s coverage area

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Microphones

Listening area

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Mounting height LBC 3201 = 4.8 m. Mounting height LBC 3201 = 3.8 m.

Reduction of performance in the back. Increase of performance in the front.

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 Thank You

End Of Part 1

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