Fish 134 Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing for Fisheries Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics

UP Visayas Tacloban College

Adapted from: http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/gis_poster/

 of or relating to geography Geography - the study of the earth and its features and of the distribution of life on the earth, including human life and the effects of human activity

 Knowledge derived from study, experience, or instruction. Knowledge of specific events or situations that has been gathered or received by communication, intelligence or news A collection of facts or data

 A group of interacting, interrelated, or interdependent elements forming a complex whole An organized set of interrelated ideas or principles A set of objects or phenomena grouped together for classification or analysis

 any information system that captures, stores, analyzes, manages, and presents data that are linked to location. (wikipedia.com) computer system capable of assembling, storing, manipulating, and displaying geographically referenced information, i.e. data identified according to their locations. Practitioners also regard the total GIS as including operating personnel and the data that go into the system. (USGS)

 integrated system of computer hardware, software, and trained personnel linking topographic, demographic, utility, facility, image and other resource data that is geographically referenced. (NASA)

 GIS has evolved out of a long tradition of map making. In many respects, modern GIS dramatically increases the amount of information that can be contained and manipulated in a map. A detailed history of GIS is not well understood because GIS technology evolved through multiple parallel but separate applications across numerous disciplines

 1854 - John Snow depicted a cholera outbreak in London using points to represent the locations of some individual cases, possibly the earliest use of the geographic method 1962 - CGIS (Canada Geographic Information System) - developed by Dr. Roger Tomlinson ( father of GIS ) - world s first true operational GIS - improvement over "mapping" applications as it provided capabilities for overlay, measurement, and digitizing/scanning 1964 - Howard T Fisher formed the Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis at the Harvard Graduate School of Design - distributed codes and systems such as SYMAP , GRID , and ODYSSEY Early 1980 s commercialization of GIS software by M&S(Intergraph), ESRI, CARIS and ERDAS End of 20th century rapid growth of GIS - Viewing of GIS data over the Internet

Soho cholera outbreak showing the clusters of cholera cases in the London epidemic of 1854

1. Relating information from different sources The power of a GIS comes from the ability to relate different information in a spatial context and to reach a conclusion about this relationship. Most of the information we have about our world contains a location reference, placing that information at some point on the globe.

Different kinds of data in map form can be entered into a GIS

Figure 1a. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) digital line graph (DLG) data of roads.

Figure 1b. USGS DLG of rivers.

Digital Elevation Model

Figure 1c. USGS DLG of contour lines (hypsography).

Figure 1d. USGS digital elevation (DEM).

Topographic Maps & Aerial Photo

Figure 1e. USGS scanned, Figure 1f. USGS digital rectified topographic map orthophoto quadrangle (DOQ). called a digital raster graphic (DRG).

Thematic Map

Figure 2. USGS geologic map.

Land Cover derived from Satellite Image

Figure 3. Landsat 7 satellite Figure 4. Satellite image image from which land cover data in figure 3 have been information can be derived. analyzed to indicate classes of land uses and cover.

Tabular data can be converted to a maplike form and serve as layers of thematic information in a GIS

Figure 5. Part of a census data file containing address information.

2. Data Capture
putting the information into the systeminvolves identifying the objects on the map, their absolute location on the Earth's surface, and their spatial relationships. A GIS can convert existing digital information, which may not yet be in map form, into forms it can recognize and use.

If the data to be used are not yet in digital form, (in a form the computer can recognize) various techniques can capture the information such as: Scanning Digitizing GPS Remote Sensing Encoding

Maps can be digitized by hand-tracing with computer mouse on the screen or on a digitizing tablet

http://www.biocomp.net/kurta_adb.jpg

http://www.umich.edu/~ipcaa/GIS/Assets/digitizing.jpg

Electronic scanners can also convert maps to digits

http://www.flickr.com/photos/bpl/293337144/

http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/bah/RecordsMgnt/StateGovImages/DISCimage7.jpg

Coordinates from Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers can also be uploaded into a GIS

3. Data Integration

A GIS makes it possible to link, or integrate, information that is difficult to associate through any other means. Thus, a GIS can use combinations of mapped variables to build and analyze new variables

4. Projections and Registration

Map information in a GIS must be manipulated so that it registers, or fits, with information gathered from other maps. Before the digital data can be analyzed, they may have to undergo other manipulations -projection conversions, for example- that integrate them into a GIS. Since much of the information in a GIS comes from existing maps, a GIS uses the processing power of the computer to transform digital information, gathered from sources with different projections, to a common projection.

An elevation image classified from a satellite image of Minnesota exists in a different scale and projection than the lines on the digital file of the State and province boundaries.

The elevation image has been reprojected to match the projection and scale of the State and province boundaries.

5. Layer Principle of GIS

Information about the world can be stored as a collection of thematic layers

Thematic Layers

6. Data structures
Digital data are collected and stored in different ways, the two data sources may not be entirely compatible. Therefore, a GIS must be able to convert data from one structure to another. Data restructuring can be performed by a GIS to convert data between different formats.

Two different fundamental Geographic Models: Vector

information about points, lines and polygons are encoded and stored as a collection of x- & y-coordinates

Raster
comprises a collection of grid cells called pixels, stored in columns & rows .like a scanned map or picture

Raster and Vector Data

Example of the structure of a raster file.

Example of the structure of a vector data file.

For example, a GIS can be used to convert a satellite image map to a vector structure by generating lines around all cells with the same classification, while determining the spatial relationships of the cell, such as adjacency or inclusion

Magnified view of the same GIS data file, shown in raster format.

Magnified views of the same GIS data file. converted into vector format.

7. Spatial data modeling

It is impossible to collect data over every square meter of the Earth's surface. Therefore, samples must be taken at discrete locations. A GIS can be used to depict two- and threedimensional characteristics of the Earth's surface, subsurface, and atmosphere from points where samples have been collected.

Interpolation

Points with pH values of soil.

Contour map made from soil pH values shown in figure 14.

8. Spatial Analysis
The emphasis of Spatial Analysis is to measure properties and relationships, taking into account the spatial localization of the phenomenon under study in a direct way. The goal is to be able to take current information and draw new conclusions. The way maps and other data have been stored or filed as layers of information in a GIS makes it possible to perform complex analysis. Some operations: Overlay and Buffer, Network Operations and Surface Analysis

Spatial Overlay

Buffer

Sources of pollution are represented as points. The colored circles show distance from pollution sources and the wetlands are in dark green.

Networks

Figure 18a. A GIS can simulate the movement of materials along a network of lines. These illustrations show the route of pollutants through a stream system. Flow directions are indicated by arrows.

Figure 18b. Flow superimposed on a digital orthophoquad of the area.

8. Data Output
A critical component of a GIS is its ability to produce graphics on the screen or on paper to convey the results of analyses to the people who make decisions about resources. Wall maps, Internet-ready maps, interactive maps, and other graphics can be generated, allowing the decision makers to visualize and thereby understand the results of analyses or simulations of potential events.

Mapmaking
Researchers are working to incorporate the mapmaking processes of traditional cartographers into GIS technology for the automated production of maps. One of the most common products of a GIS is a map. Maps are generally easy to make using a GIS and they are often the most effective means of communicating the results of the GIS process. Therefore, the GIS is usually a prolific producer of maps.

Sample data output : Map showing the land cover of Leyte Island using GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques.
(courtesy of: REIS and GTZ)

Map Showing Earthquake prone areas in the US

Visualization
Maps have traditionally been used to explore the Earth. GIS technology has enhanced the efficiency and analytical power of traditional cartography. Map and satellite information sources can be combined in models that simulate the interactions of complex natural systems. Through a process known as visualization, a GIS can be used to produce images - not just maps, but drawings, animations, and other cartographic products. These images allow researchers to view their subjects in ways that they never could before. The images often are helpful in conveying the technical concepts of a GIS to nonscientists.

Animation of the 2004 Indonesian Tsunami

9. Three-dimensional GIS
To more realistically analyze the effect of the Earth's terrain, we use three-dimensional models within a GIS. A GIS can display the Earth in realistic, three-dimensional perspective views and animations that convey information more effectively and to wider audiences than traditional, two-dimensional, static maps.

Overlay of 2d Data on a DEM (Digital Elevation Model) for better analysis and visualization

10. Adding the element of time

GIS technology gives researchers the ability to examine the variations in Earth processes over days, months, and years. As an example, the changes in vegetation vigor through a growing season can be animated to determine when drought was most extensive in a particular region. The resulting normalized vegetation index represents a rough measure of plant health

Figure 30. One time slice of the vegetation index for part of the globe from AVHRR data.

10. Serving GIS over the Internet

Through Internet map server technology, spatial data can be accessed and analyzed over the Internet.

11. The future of GIS

Environmental studies, geography, geology, planning, business marketing, and other disciplines have benefited from GIS tools and methods. Together with cartography, remote sensing, global positioning systems, photogrammetry, and geography, the GIS has evolved into a discipline with its own research base known as geographic information sciences. An active GIS market has resulted in lower costs and continual improvements in GIS hardware, software, and data. These developments will lead to a much wider application of the technology throughout government, business, and industry. GIS and related technology will help analyze large datasets, allowing a better understanding of terrestrial processes and human activities to improve economic vitality and environmental quality.