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1. Important Features
• a. DNA contains genetic template" for
proteins.
• RNA polymerase
– only one of two DNA strands
(template) is transcribed
– non-transcribed strand is termed
coding strand - same as RNA (except
T’s are U’s)
– In both bacteria and eukaryotes, the
polymerase adds ribonucleotides to
the growing 3’ end of an RNA chain.
• synthesis proceeds in 5’🡪3’ direction
Transcription
• Promoter
– Transcription starts at RNA
polymerase binding sites called
promoters on DNA template strand.
• Initiation
– Other eukaryotic factors bind,
assembling a transcription complex.
• RNA polymerase begins to unwind DNA
helix, as Helicase breaks the H bonds.
Transcription
• Elongation
– Transcription bubble moves down
DNA at constant rate leaving growing
RNA strands protruding from the
bubble.
• Termination
– Stop sequences at the end of the
gene cause phosphodiester bond
formation to cease, transcription
bubble to dissociate, and RNA
Transcription
G
U
C
A
DNA
Replication vs Transcription
Now TRANSLATION!!!!
4. Translation
overview
a. mRNA attaches to the
ribosome
b. tRNA's attach to free amino
acids in the cytoplasmic
"pool" of amino acids
c. tRNA carries its specific
amino acid to the ribosome
Translation overview
(cont.)
d. tRNA "delivers" its amino acid based on
complementary pairing of a triplet code
(anticodon) with the triplet code (codon) of
the mRNA.
e.Enzyme "hooks" the amino acid to the last
one in the chain forming a peptide bond.
f. Protein chain continues to grow as each
tRNA brings in its amino acid and adds it
to the chain. - This is translation!!
Gene Expression
• Translation – in the cytoplasm at ribosome
– nucleotide sequence of mRNA transcript is
translated into amino acid sequence in the
polypeptide
• rRNA recognizes and binds to start sequence
– moves three nucleotides at a time
» disengages at stop signal
• Gene expression - collective of transcription
and translation
Translation
• Translocation
– ribosome moves nucleotides along
mRNA molecule
• Termination Translation
– Nonsense codons are recognized by release
factors that release the newly made polypeptide
from the ribosome.
aminoacyl tRNA
synthetase
Peptidyl
Transferase
ACTIVITY
ACTIVITY
AUGCCCGGAUAUGCGAUGAUGAGUACCUAGCC
AUG-CCC-GGA-UAU-GCG-AUG-AUG-AGU-ACC-UAG
UACGGGCCUAUACGCUACUACUCAUGGAUCGG
MET-PRO-GLY-TYR-AL-MET-MET-SER-THR-STOP
Differences Between
Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic Gene Expression
• Eukaryotic mRNA molecules have introns cut
out and exons joined together before
translation.
• Eukaryotic ribosomes are larger than
prokaryotic ribosomes.
Replication, Transcription and Translation
Animation