Presented by :-

Er. Narendra Kumar Yadav

 Engine

It is a device which converts the thermal energy of the

working substance into useful mechanical energy

Or

Engine converts chemical energy in to mechanical energy

Engine Cycle
Number of stroke
Fuel Used
Types of Ignition
Number & Arrangement
of Cylinder
Valve Arrangement
Types of Cooling
 Two stroke
Intake / suction stroke

Compression stroke

Power stroke

Exhaust stroke
 Two stroke
 Upward stroke

Intake / suction stroke

Compression stroke

 Downward stroke

Power stroke
Exhaust stroke
 Four Stroke
Diesel Engine
Opposed Type Engine
V Type Engine
 General Definitions

Horse Power
years ago , when engines were being
developed, their ability to do work was
compared with the ability of a horse.
A 10 hp engine, for example, could do the
work of 10 horses.

James watt noticed that a horse walks 165

feet in 1 minute lifting the 200 lbs. weight in
the mines. A horse power , therefore , was
considered to be 165 x 200 = 33000 ft.lb. per
minute.
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Radial Type Engine
 General Definitions

What is work?
work is changing of position of an object
against an opposing force.
distance times force equals works.
distance x force = work.
Unit of work : ft.lb or mkg.

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 General Definitions

Horsepower
This is the unit of power. Power is rate of
doing work.This defines how fast a tractor
can do the work.

HP = British Horse Power = 745.7 watts.

PS = Metric Horse Power = 735.5 watts.
PS : Pferde Starke { German word }

1 HP = 1.014 PS
1 PS = 0.985 HP. 15
 General Definitions

Low idle
Even to operate a engine without any load,
certain HP is required to run Water pump, Fuel
pump, Alternator, piston, timing gears, crank
shaft etc. Low idle is the RPM at which the
engine produces just enough HP to keep
rotating these units & sustain its motion without
vibration.
It is - no load, no speed situation & accelerator
pedal is not pressed.

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 General Definitions

High idle
It is maximum speed of engine at no load
condition. It is - no load & accelerator pedal
fully pressed situation.
For 245 engine - High idle is 2140 - 2190 rpm.
Rated RPM
It is the RPM at which the engine can take
maximum load. It is - full load & accelerator
pedal fully pressed situation.

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 General Definitions
TDC
Top Dead Centre - the
highest point the
piston reaches.

BDC
Bottom Dead Centre -
the lowest point the
piston reaches.

Bore
It is the Internal diameter of the liner.
Stroke
Length from BDC to TDC. 18
 General Definitions
Swept Volume
Volume swept by
piston from BDC to
TDC.

Clearance Volume
Volume above the
piston crown { head }
when the piston is at
TDC.

Swept Volume + Clearance Volume

Compression Ratio = ---------------------------------------------------
Clearance Volume 19
 General Definitions
Tappet clearance

235 DI
Inlet 0.004"
Ex. 0.006"

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 General Definitions

Injection Timing
Theoretically, diesel is injected at TDC at the end of
Compression stroke.
But for complete burning of fuel, mixing of fuel with air
is very important. Moreover delivery of fuel also takes
some time.
So , to deliver the fuel in the cylinder & allow it to mix
with air properly, fuel is injected before end of
Compression Stroke at TDC.

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 General Definitions
Engine Timing
Stroke Suction Compression Power Exhaust
Piston TDC to
BDC to TDC TDC to BDC BDC to TDC
movement BDC
Valve In Open In Close In Close In Close
position Ex Close Ex Close Ex Close Ex Open
Diesel is
Air is Air is Exhaust is
Action injected &
sucked in compressed out
explosion

From above table, we can see that

1. Opening & closing of valves must takes

place in sequence as per different strokes. More
so in case of multi cylinder engines.

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 General Definitions
Volumetric Efficency
Ratio of actual volume of air sucked by engine to
theoretical volume.

Actual volume is less due to

time problem.
bends in the air cleaner , pipes.
inlet manifold shape.
air is heated due to engine heat reduces

mass of air.

Volumetric efficiency drops at higher speed due to less

time available . That is why HP curve drops. At higher
speed , the volumetric efficiency drops to
approximately to 80%.
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 General Definitions
Thermal Efficiency
Ratio of Power output & the energy in fuel burned
to produce this output.
35% lost in cooling water & oil.
35% lost in exhaust.
5% lost in friction.
10% lost in power train.
15% remains.
Mechanical efficiency
BHP
Mechanical efficiency = ---------- x 100
IHP
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 General Definitions

Cubic Capacity or Displacement

It is the maximum air breathing capacity per

suction stroke of the engine. Generally given
in cubic-cm {cm3}.
1,000 cc = 1 liter.

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 IHP – Indicated Horse Power
( theoritical HP )
FHP – Frictional Horse Power
( losses )
BHP – Brake Horse Power

BHP = IHP – FHP.

Prony brake was used to measure

engine output.
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 PLANn
IHP = --------------------
33000

P = mean effective pressure in psi.

L=length of stroke in feet.

A=area of cylinder in square inch.

N=no. of power stroke per minute ( rpm / 2)

n = no of cylinder.

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 General Definitions
Torque
Torque is twisting or turning effort. You
apply a torque to steering wheel to turn.

Do not confuse .
Torque is the twisting effort engine applies
through the shaft and gears to the wheels.
Power is the rate at which engine works. Both
work & power indicate motion.
Torque does not implies motion, it is a
turning effort which may or may not result in
motion.
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 General Definitions

Backup Torque : It is the ability of the

machine to keep working as the engine
pulls down due to increased load
requirements over and above the
maximum power.

Max.Torque – Torque at max.power

Back up Torque = --------------------------------------------------- x 100%

Torque at max. Power

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 General Definitions

Backup Torque : is reserve

torque available so that when
the load increases

1. No gear change required.

2. No increase in engine speed required.
3. No need to lift the implements.

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 General Definitions
Specific Fuel Consumption - SFC

The fuel consumption of a tractor depends on many

factor like load, speed, driving habits, type of
implements, soil condition, road condition etc. and
very difficult to measure in field conditions.

Fuel consumed in ml x 60 x 0.84(sp.gravity of diesel)

SFC = ---------------------------------------------------------------
time in min x BHP

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 General Definitions

Specific fuel consumption at maximum power is

the mass of fuel consumed per unit work.
It is 1 g / kw hour = 0.7355 g / hp hour

The SFC is given in terms of weight & not in volume

since the Calorific values of fuels per unit of volume
differ more widely than those per unit of weight.

The SFC of Diesel engine is 80% that of Petrol engine

primarily due to higher Compression Ratio of Diesel
engine { 18:1 } compared to Petrol engine { 9:1 }.

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 General Definitions

Drawbar Horsepower or Pull

Drawbar horsepower is the power

available at the drawbar of the tractor
after reduction of horsepower due to
losses at various stages, and is much
less than the claimed horsepower.

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 Engine Block
Metal foundation
Supports crankshaft and usually camshaft made of
cast iron or aluminum, aluminum parts that wear will
have metal inserts that are pressed or cast into the
block.
 Cylinder Sleeves
Round pipe like liners
 Piston
Sliding plunger in cylinder creates vacuum on
intake stroke, compresses mixture on compression
stroke transmits and contains the pressure of the
firing stroke, cleans the cylinder of burned gases
on the exhaust stroke.

Piston Pins
Steel pin used to connect piston to connecting
rod
case hardened, soft center .004 outside
hardened highly polished
 Piston materials
Aluminum - cast - most common,
Forged- found in hi-performance engines
Piston rings

3 piece Oil ring

 Heat dam
Groove in head of piston that prevents or lowers the
amount of heat transferred to the top ring
Top ring groove insert, metal insert cast into
aluminum piston with piston groove cut out of insert
to help prolong the life of the piston
 Connecting Rods
connect piston to the crankshaft upper end oscillates
lower or large end rotates lower end must be split for
installation of bearing and installation on crankshaft
journal. before removing number rod and rod cap on
same side with a number.
 Connecting Rods
Steel Rod Aluminum Rod

Insert Bearings
Removable bearing split in two pieces for easy
installation and removal
 THRUST BEARINGS
Thrust bearing, has sides on to help prevent end play of
crankshaft, sometimes use a separate piece for the side.
 Crankshaft
Crankshaft, change reciprocating motion to rotary
motion
made of Forged steel (should ring when you hit it
with a hammer) or cast iron
counter balances, forged in crank to offset weight of
crankshaft throw
 Crankshaft
crankshaft throw, the part of crankshaft that the
connecting rod fastens to also refer to as rod journal
crank main journal, by use of main bearing caps
crankshaft is bolted to block
crankshaft is drilled so oil can be fed to main bearings
and rod bearings, crankshafts are ground and highly
polished
 Flywheel
1. smooth out engine speed
2. mounting surface for clutch
3. starter motor engage ring gear to start engine
4. carry engine through power strokes
 Camshaft
opens the valves in engine cam lobes open the valves
one per valve shape of lobe determines how long
valve stays open and how far it opens also gear to
drive the distributor and oil pump an eccentric may
be ground or bolted onto cam to drive the fuel pump
Timing chain, belt and gears
Drive chain or belt that connects the crankshaft
gear(driving force) to the cam shaft gear (the driven
force) camshaft turns at 1/2 crank shaft speed.
light duty chain, heavy duty - double roller, driven by
all gears, crank gear - steel, cam gear - steel,
aluminum, pressed fiber, plastic, must be aligned
Off of a 96 Olds
chain drive

Off a 75 Toyota 2TC

chain drive
Timing gears

Valves
Device used to open and close the
valve port, engines have 2 3 or 4
valves per cylinder
some valves have a special hard
facing on the face stellite faced
valves

Valves
Valve faces are ground at different angles 29-30 and
44-45 most common. interface angle valve face 44
seat 45, exhaust valve may climb out of seat
cooling, heat dissipates through valve seat and
valve guide some valves (heavy duty truck) are
sodium filled to help transfer heat.
 Valve seat
Part of head or block that valve face comes in contact
with to seal cylinder. Can be part of head or an insert
that is pressed in. most now are hardened seats valve
seat angle 30 and 45.
Valve

springs
closes valve when lifter comes off cam lobes some
valves use 2 springs per valve, Must measure valve
spring installed height, coil bind - spring can only
go together so far.
Valve spring retainer
Holds spring in place with a valve lock or keeper
Valve

keepers
holds valve in place maybe called a stem lock
Valve guide
hole through which valve
passes to keep it in proper
alignment can be cast into
head or pressed in must have
.002 - .003 clearance
Hydraulic Valve lifter
Hydraulic, self adjusting has zero valve lash
clearance(No space between parts), use engine oil
under pressure to operate are quieter then solid
lifters operation, may use flat check valve or ball.
Rocker Arm
Transmit cam lobe action to the valve stem, two type
adjustable and non adjustable can be mounted on
shaft or a individual stud, overhead cam-rocker arm
operates on camshaft (eliminates the middle man),
roller rockers
Rocker Arm
Push rod
Transmits valve train motion from valve lifter to
rocker arm
Crank case or oil pan
reservoir for oil usually made of stamped steel
attached to the bottom of block the oil pump is
usually with in this reservoir
Firing order
is the sequence in which combustion is initiated in
the cylinder.
To obtain good distribution of the fuel to all
cylinders, it is desirable and usual to arrange the
induction alternately in the front & rear half of the
engine.
Uniformity in ignition interval, ease of crank shaft
manufacturing, optimal crank shaft load pattern
etc. all play a role in defining firing order.

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Engine Timing
 Firing order sequence
1 – 3 – 4 – 2 mahindra
4 cylinder
1–2–4–3
5 cylinder 1–2–4–5–3
1–5–3–6–2–4
1–4–2–6–3–5
Inline 6 cylinder
1–2–4–6–5–3
Engine
1–4–5–6–3–2
1–6–2–5–8–3–7–4
1–3–6–8–4–2–7–5
8 cylinder
1–4–7–3–8–5–2–6
1–3–2–5–8–6–7–4
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 Firing order sequence

4 cylinder 1–3–2–4
1–2–5–6–4–3
6 cylinder
V 1–4–5–6–2–3
Engine 1–6–3–5–4–7–2–8
8 cylinder 1–5–4–8–6–3–7–2
1–8–3–6–4–5–2–7

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Engine system
Fuel system
Intake and exhaust system
Lubrication system
Cooling system
Governing system
Fuel system
Fuel storage tank
Fuel transfer pump
Fuel filter
Injection pump
Injection nozzles or injectors
Fuel system
Fuel Injection Pump
Supply correct quantity of fuel
Time the fuel delivery
Control the rate of delivery
Atomize the fuel
Distribute the fuel

TYPES OF INJECTION SYSTEM

Common rail type
Jerk type
Injection nozzles
Atomized the fuel for the better combustion

Spread the fuel spray to fully mix it with the air

Intake and exhaust system
Intake system Exhaust system
Air cleaner Exhaust valve
Supercharger exhaust manifold
Intake manifold Turbocharger
Intake valve Muffler
 What is a turbocharger
Or another way to increase mass of air without
increasing the size of engine is to have a Air Pump in
the system for air as we have Fuel Pump for the fuel.
This Air Pump will suck the air from air cleaner,
pressurised it, and then send it to cylinders.
When this Air Pump is driven by some external
means like fan belt from crank pulley, it is called
SUPERCHARGER.
But when this Air Pump is driven by back pressure of
the exhaust gases, it is called TURBOCHARGER.

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 What a turbocharger can do

Increase power without increasing the size of

1
the engine.
Reduce the size of the engine without
2
increasing the power of the engine.
At high altitude, mass of air per unit volume
3 reduces. Turbocharger can be used to
compensate that.
4 To control pollution.
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Intake and exhaust system
Muffler
 Lubrication system
Reduce friction between moving part
Absorb and dissipate heat
Seal the piston rings and cylinder walls
Clean and flushes moving part
Help deaden noise of engine
 Types of lubrication system
Circulating splash
Internal force feed and splash
Full internal force feed
Cooling system
Prevent overheating and

Regulate the temperature

Running the engine to hot can cause

Pre-ignition
Knock
Burn – piston and valves
Lubrication filature
Running the engine to cold can
cause
Unnecessary wear

Poor fuel economy

Accumulation of water -Sludge in the crank case

Types of cooling system
Air cooling system

Liquid cooling system

Part of Liquid cooling system
Radiator and pressure cap
Fan and fan belt
Water pump
Engine water jackets
Thermostat valve
Connecting hoses
Liquid or coolant
Cooling system
 Governing system
Maintain a selected speed

Limit the slow and fast speed

Shut down the engine when if over speed

 Governing system
Maintain a selected speed

Limit the slow and fast speed

Shut down the engine when if over speed