Seamanship

NAV3601
unit 2: Warships

Jacob Kapiti
061 206 4846
jkapiti@unam.na
 Learning objectives
By the end of this lesson students should be able to:
 Define a warship
 Differentiate between a warship and merchant vessel
 Identify types of warships
 list characteristics of warships
 List the roles of warships
 Explain various steps on the concept of ship design
 Describe the aspect of technology
What is a warship?
A warship or combatant ship is a naval ship that is built and primarily intended
for naval warfare.
Usually they belong to the armed forces of a state.
 How they differ?
Warship Merchant ship

• Designed to withstand damage • They are not designed to withstand

• They are faster and more maneuverable
than merchant ships.
• Typically they carry weapons,
ammunitions and supplies for its crew.
• Designed for military purposes
damage.
• They are slower than warships
• They carry cargo e.g. food, cars, toys
etc.
• They can be owned by individuals or
cooperation's.
WARSHIP VS MERCHANT SHIP
Types of Warships
Navy vessels can be categorized into seven groups according to mission:
1. aircraft carriers,
2. surface combatants,
3. amphibious ships,
4. submarines,
5. auxiliaries,
6. mine warfare ships,
7. small boats and service craft
Aircraft Carriers.
 Aircraft carriers are the largest vessels in Navy service, they average almost 335 m long.
 aircraft carriers have landing and launch platforms for fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters.
 designed primarily for the purpose of conducting combat operations by Carrier-based aircraft
which engage in attacks against airborne, surface, sub-surface and shore targets.
Surface Combatants.
 surface combatants range from 52 m long to 180 m long.
 They include cruisers , destroyers and frigates.
 Surface combatants provide air defence, ballistic missile defence, antisubmarine warfare
support merchant and carrier group protection and tactical support of land-based forces.
 designed primarily to engage enemy forces on the high seas
Amphibious Ships
 Amphibious ships provide a platform for vertical landing and take-off of aircraft, primarily
helicopters.
 They include command ships , assault ships, transport docks, and dock landing ships.
 Amphibious ships range from 159 m to 257 m long.
Amphibious vessels
Submarines
 Underwater watercraft
 Submarines provide strategic missile, battlefield support, stealth strike, special forces, littoral
warfare, and other miscellaneous capabilities.
 Navy submarines range from 50 m long for the research submarine to 170 m long for ballistic
missile submarines.
• Auxiliaries.
Auxiliary ships provide logistical support, such as underway replenishment of
ordnance, fuel, and consumable products ; and rescue and salvage operations.
Submarine tenders (AS) provide maintenance facilities, weapon stores, hospital
facilities, and additional berthing space for submarines. Auxiliary vessels range in
length from 77 m to 242 m.
NS Elephant
 Mine Warfare Ships
Mine warfare ships (mine countermeasures ships (MCM) and minehunter, coastal (MHC))
conduct minesweeping missions to find, classify, and destroy moored and bottom mines. These
vessels range in length from 57 m to 74 m long.
Mine warfare vessels primarily operate in coastal waters.
Mine ship
 Small Boats and Service Craft.
Small boats are used as harbour patrol boats, transport boats, work boats, and utility boats.
Many of the service craft are non-self-propelled “lighters,” or barges used for berthing, office,
messing, or repair functions or to carry fuel or equipment.
Other small boats and service craft include: tugboats of various sizes , training patrol craft,
landing craft and rigid inflatable boats.
Small boats are often kept out of the water when not in use to increase the vessels’ longevity or
for storage while transiting to operational areas.
 Naval Fleet
 A fleet or naval fleet is a large formation of warships - the largest formation in any navy -
controlled by one leader.
 A fleet at sea is the direct equivalent of an army on land.
 Roles of warships
During Peace time
• Warships can be employed in a
number of roles:
• Disaster Relief, Search and Rescue
• Support to Civil Power
• Policing/Protecting EEZ
• Anti-piracy Operations
• Observing Hostile Forces
• Defence of Merchant Shipping
During war times
• Blockade of Hostile Ports
• Naval Gunfire Support
• Destruction of Surface Ships
• Destruction of Submarines
• Destruction of Aircraft
 Modern navies
• A modern, balanced navy combines weapon systems and platforms that have a
bigger influence together than they would as single elements.
• It should have some capability in all warfare areas: antisurface, antiair,
antisubmarine, and mine warfare.
• For small states, although they may have limited financial and manpower
resources, they should maintain a balanced navy to protect their sovereignty and
interests at sea.
• The importance of the various roles varies with the perceived threat.
• Every country has aircraft and missiles, so self-defence against these must be
emphasised.
 Small Navies
 From small states’ perspectives, a balanced navy must have units and capabilities
that cover the full range of conflict, from peace to war.
 A coastal navy should not be a scaled-down copy of a larger blue-water navy.
 but must be tailored to the specific conditions, roles, and tasks dictated by a state’s
geographical, political, and economic situation, recognized threats, and ambitions.
  Small states can achieve this balance by considering:
1. less expensive platforms,
2. partnering with other small states,
3. and ensuring joint cooperation among their armed forces.
 Small Navies’ Tasks

 small states need to protect their territorial integrity, political sovereignty, national
identity, and freedom of action.
 Bigger navies want: natural resources, allegiance, strategic location.
 small state will be unable to win a war only by military means.
 its armed forces’ main task is not fighting, but deterrence
 For a coastal state, it is important to impose, enforce, and defend its maritime
sovereignty.
 e.g. of failed states or navies are Somalia and Libya.
 Challenges faced by small navies
 Finance
Modern combat systems are more powerful but also more expensive.
smaller states tend to cut more from defense spending in times of financial crisis.
 Reduction in number of platforms
Reducing the number of platforms also can increase small navies’ personnel problems. It may
become difficult for sailors to gain command experience and sufficient sea time in a navy with few
ships.
 Human capital
responsibility for major naval domains frequently will rest with a small cohort of personnel or even
a single individual, their retirement or departure from service can mean the loss of important
knowledge.
This also can mean fewer people with the necessary professional experience to help to shape policy
at the national level.
 Large Navies
• capable of operating globally, essentially across the deep waters of open oceans.
• For larger navies, specialised vessels can be considered for some specialist roles,
but smaller navies generally need to go for versatility in most, if not all, of their
ships.
• Whilst the major navies see an antisubmarine capability as of major importance.
• Large navies seeks dominance in their region, maritime influence on a global scale
and power projection globally.
• E.g. USA, CHINA, UK etc.
 Concept and Design
• warship design lies in the desired functions and performance of the vessel against a perceived
threat
• The naval design function commences with the analysis of this requirement, so they develops a
variety of conceptual solutions.
• These studies include:
 number and mix of platforms required;
inter-relationship with existing defence equipment, and facilities;
weapon types and combinations;
alternative hull form configurations and sizes.
 Concept and Design cont.…….

These conceptual solutions will be developed in sufficient detail to enable the initial
evaluation of the following aspects:
 operational capability expected;
 technological risk/engineering complexity;
 cost (acquisition and through-life).
 Concept and Design cont.…….
Solutions worthy of further investigation, and their relative merits will be studied
and developed in greater detail (high risk or offering cost deduction)
These design studies would include trade-off studies in:
 individual components of the weapon system and system configuration;
 optimisation of the hull form with respect to powering, seakeeping and
stability;
 ship signature reduction methodologies;
 propulsion machinery alternatives; and
 manning/automation.
 Concept and Design cont.…….

A baseline general arrangement drawing will become available, together with outlines of all
major compartments and spaces. These include:
 Topside arrangement including antenna arrangement, combat system equipment
locations and weapon firing arcs;
 Main and auxiliary machinery space arrangements;
 Command and control compartments including the bridge;
 Weapons compartments; and
 Flight deck and hanger layout.
The performance characteristics, both for the ship as a whole and for each individual
component system, will be available and consequently an accurate cost estimate will be
derived.
 Concept and Design cont.…….
The next stage of the process is aimed at developing a complete engineering
definition of the ship:
all compartment arrangements
system specifications including:
• performance of all equipment and associated integration details
• design and construction standards
• shock specification, availability, reliability and maintainability;
full engineering analysis including:
• weapon performance characteristic modelling,
• ship structural analysis,
• noise and vibration analysis,
• hydrodynamic assessment including model testing, weight and stability assessment
 Concept and Design cont.…….
A new warship must undergo many tests and trials before acceptance into service
• They prove that the shipbuilder is delivering the warship to the contracted level of
performance.
• Tests and trials are a check against specifications and design requirements for
individual equipment.
• Rigorous checking is required because slight deviations from the specification for
one system may affect the performance of other systems
 Technology

Aspects of technology can be subdivided into those that:

 increase warfighting capability,
 those that provide the ability to avoid enemy damage or increase the probability
of surviving such damage,
 and technologies that reduce the cost of vessels and hence result in funds being
available for other capabilities are considered.
 Technology cont.……..
Radar
The most significant development in radar has been the introduction of active phased array
multifunction radars.
The main benefits are:
 increased detection performance,
 greatly improved reliability,
 better electronic counter-countermeasure performance
Other areas of development are:
 are low probability of intercept radars for covert operations,
 passive infra-red search and track systems to complement radar coverage,
 a move to unmanned aerial vehicles for surveillance and over-the-horizon targeting.
active phased array multifunction radars
(APAR)
Radar systems
 Technology cont.……..

Anti-ship Missiles
 The trend in anti-ship missiles is towards increased speed and reduced signature.
 In response, defensive missiles are becoming faster and more autonomous. Gun-based close-in
weapon systems (CIWS) have smarter prediction algorithms and increased rates of fire.
 It is possible that laser-based CIWS will become a reality within ten years.
 There is also a move towards active off-board decoys to counter anti-ship missiles.
Anti ship missile system
 Technology cont.……..
Communications
 The main development trends are towards more integration (of command and control, communications, command
support systems),
 wider bandwidths (optical fibre databases) and distributed processing.
 Multi-sensor data fusion systems are becoming more sophisticated and comprehensive.
 However, there is a question mark over the development of systems to integrate, manage and present to the
operators the ever-increasing amount of operational data available.
 Technology cont.……..
Stealth and Seduction
In order to avoid detection by enemy sensors and to maximise the probability of own-ship decoys
seducing hostile weapons great effort is being made to control and minimise the various ship
signatures produced by a warship.
 Radar signature :is being reduced through appropriate shaping of all warship external surfaces,
masking of any deck reflectors, and the use of radar absorbent materials and paints
 Infra-red signature: is being reduced through cooling exhaust plumes, masking high temperature areas
through internal arrangement, and concealing exhaust plumes between hulls
 Underwater noise signature :is being reduced through more accurate hydrodynamic design of hulls
and propellers, and the use of air masking techniques; and the application of self- noise monitoring
techniques
 Magnetic signature :is being reduced through the application of degaussing techniques and
consideration of non-metallic materials for construction.
 Technology cont.……..

Survivability
Should a warship suffer damage in action it is desirable that it retain some warfighting capability,
or at least allow sufficient time for the crew to disembark safely. Hence considerable technology
is applied to ensuring its survivability through:
• ensuring sufficient post-damage stability and watertight integrity;
• minimising the weapon impact through ballistic protection, shock protection, use of separation
and design of redundant systems;
• maintaining structural integrity through ultimate strength techniques and use of box girder
structures;
• selecting appropriate materials of construction and outfit,
• providing damage control strategies,
• designing autonomous and semi-autonomous safety systems.
End