Professional Documents
Culture Documents
THE THREE
STRATEGY-MAKING
TASKS
Screen graphics created by:
Jana F. Kuzmicki, PhD, Mississippi University for Women
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
“Management’s job is not to see the
company as it is….but as it can
become.”
John W. Teets
“A strategy is a commitment to
undertake one set of actions
rather than another.” “Quote”
Sharon M. Oster
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter Outline
Effective strategy-making
begins with a vision of
where the organization
needs to head!
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Example: John Deere’s Strategic Vision
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Example: John Deere’s Strategic Vision
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Example: Delta Airline’s Strategic Vision
DELTA AIRLINES
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Example: Delta Airline’s Strategic Vision
DELTA AIRLINES
DELTA AIRLINES
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Example: Delta Airline’s Strategic Vision
DELTA AIRLINES
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Three Elements of a Strategic Vision
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Characteristics of a Mission Statement
Defines current business activities
Highlights boundaries of current business
Conveys
Who we are,
What we do, and
Where we are now
Company specific, not generic —
so as to give a company its own identity
A company’s mission is not to make a profit !
The real mission is always—“What will we do to
make a profit?”
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Defining a Company’s Business
A good business definition
incorporates three factors
Customer needs -- What is being
satisfied
Customer groups -- Who is
being satisfied
Technologies and competencies
employed -- How value is
delivered to customers to satisfy
their needs
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Business Mission: Cardinal Health
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Business Mission: The McGraw Hill Companies
(a diversified firm)
The McGraw-Hill Companies is a global publishing,
financial, information and media services company with
such renowned brands as Standard & Poor’s,
Business Week, and McGraw-Hill educational
and professional materials.
Pfizer Inc.
Pfizer is a research-based, global pharmaceutical
company.
We discover and develop innovative, value-added
products that improve the quality of life of people
around the world and help them enjoy longer, healthier,
and more productive lives.
The company has three business segments: health
care, animal health and consumer health care. Our
products are available in more than 150 countries.
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Example: Mission Statement
Ritz-Carlton Hotels
Apple Computer
CORPORATE SECURITY
To provide services for the protection of corporate
personnel and assets through preventive
measures and investigations.
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Characteristics of a Strategic Vision
Charts a company’s future
strategic course
Defines the business makeup for
5 years (or more)
Specifies future technology-
product-customer focus
Indicates capabilities to be
developed
Requires managers to exercise
foresight
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Questions to Address in
Developing a Strategic Vision
1. What changes are occurring in the market arena(s)
where we operate and what implications do these
changes have for our future direction?
2. What new or different customer needs should we
be moving to satisfy?
3. What new or different buyer segments should we
be concentrating on?
4. What new geographic or product markets should
we be pursuing?
5. What should the company’s business makeup look
like in 5 years?
6. What kind of company should we be trying to
become?
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Entrepreneurial Challenges in
Forming a Strategic Vision
How to creatively prepare a company
for the future
How to keep the company responsive
to
Evolving customer needs
Competitive pressures
New technologies
New market opportunities
Growing or shrinking
opportunities
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Intel’s “Strategic Inflection Points”
Prior to mid-1980s
Focus on memory chips
Starting in mid-1980s
Abandon memory chip business and
Become preeminent supplier of
microprocessors to PC industry
Make PC central appliance in
workplace and home
Be undisputed leader in driving
PC technology forward
1998
Shift focus from PC technology to
becoming the preeminent building
block supplier to the Internet economy
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Communicating the Vision
An exciting, inspirational vision
Challenges and motivates workforce
Arouses strong sense of organizational
purpose
Induces employee buy-in
Galvanizes people to live the business
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Managerial Value of a Well-Conceived
Strategic Vision and Mission
Crystallizes long-term direction
Reduces risk of rudderless decision-
making
Conveys organizational
purpose and identity
Keeps direction-related actions of
lower-level managers on common path
Helps organization prepare for the
future
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Establishing Objectives
Second Direction-Setting Task
Represent commitment to
achieve specific performance
targets by a certain time
Substitutes results-oriented
decision-making for
aimlessness over what to
accomplish
Provides a set of
benchmarks for judging
organizational performance
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Two Types of Objectives Are Required
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Strategic Management Principle
financial objectives!
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Examples: Financial Objectives
Achieve revenue growth of 10% per year
Increase earnings by 15% annually
Increase dividends per share by 5% per year
Increase net profit margins from 2% to 4%
Attractive EVA performance
Stronger bond and credit ratings
A rising stock price (outperform the S&P 500)
Attractive increases in MVA
Recognition as a “blue chip” company
A more diversified revenue base
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Examples: Strategic Objectives
A bigger market share
Quicker design-to-market times than rivals
Higher product quality than rivals
Lower costs relative to key competitors
Broader product line than rivals
Better e-commerce and Internet sales capabilities
than rivals
Better customer service than rivals
Recognition as a leader in technology
Wider geographic coverage than rivals
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Examples: Corporate Objectives
Anheuser-Busch
(strategic & financial objectives)
To make all our companies leaders in their industries in
quality while exceeding customer expectations.
To achieve a 50% share of the U.S. beer market.
To establish and maintain a dominant leadership
position in the international beer market.
To provide all our employees with challenging and
rewarding work, . . . , and opportunities for personal
development, advancement, and competitive
compensation.
To provide our shareholders with superior returns by
achieving double-digit annual earnings per share
growth, . . .
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Example: Corporate Objectives
Exodus Communications
(strategic objectives)
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Concept of Strategic Intent
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Characteristics of Strategic Intent
Involves establishing a
BHAG - ”big, hairy,
audacious goal”
Signals relentless
commitment to winning
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Short-Range Versus
Long-Range Objectives
Short-Range objectives
Targets to be achieved soon
Serve as stair steps for reaching
long-range performance
Long-Range objectives
Targets to be achieved within
3 to 5 years
Prompt actions now that will
permit reaching targeted
long-range performance later
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Objectives Are Needed at All Levels
Strategy is action-
oriented
Strategy evolves
over time
Strategy-making is a
never-ending, ongoing
task
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Rule-Breaking Strategies
Challenge fundamental conventions by
Corporate-Level Corporate
Managers Strategy
Two-Way Influence
Business-Level
Managers Business Strategies
Two-Way Influence
Functional
Managers Functional Strategies
Two-Way Influence
Operating
Managers Operating Strategies
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Figure 2-1: Levels of Strategy-Making in
a Single-Business Company
Executive-Level
Managers Business
Strategy
Two-Way Influence
Functional
Managers Functional Strategies
Two-Way Influence
Operating
Managers Operating Strategies
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Figure 2.2: Corporate Strategy for
a Diversified Company
Narrow or broad-based diversification
Is diversification
Approach to
related, unrelated
capital allocation
or a mix?
Scope of
Efforts to capture Corporate geographic
cross-business
strategic fits
Strategy operations
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Figure 2.3: Identifying the Components of
a Single-Business Company’s Strategy
Planned, proactive moves to outcompete rivals
Scope of
R&D strategy Business geographic
Supply chain Fu Strategy coverage
management nc
strategy tio
na
Manufacturing lS Collaborative
strategy tra partnerships and
Marketing te
gi strategic alliances
strategy es
Human Finance strategy
resources strategy
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What Business Strategy Involves
Forming responses to changes in industry and
competitive conditions, buyer needs and
preferences, economy, regulations, etc.
Crafting competitive moves to produce
sustainable competitive advantage
Building competitively valuable
competencies and capabilities
Uniting strategic initiatives of functional areas
Addressing strategic issues facing the
company
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Functional Strategies
Game plan for a strategically-relevant
function, activity, or business process
Concern narrower
strategies for managing
grassroots activities and
strategically-relevant
operating units
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Example: Operating Strategy
Improving Delivery & Order-Filling
Manufacturer of plumbing equipment emphasizes
quick delivery and accurate order-filling as
keystones of its customer service approach.
Warehouse manager took following approaches:
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Figure 2.5: Factors Shaping the
Choice of Company Strategy
Social,
political, Competitive
Company External Factors
opportunities
regulatory conditions
and threats to
and and industry
company’s
community attractiveness
well-being
factors
Determine
relevance Identify
Craft
of internal and
Company’s Strategic Situation and evaluate
the
strategy
external alternatives
factors
Resource
strengths, Influences of Shared values
capabilities, key and company
and
weaknesses
executives culture
Internal Factors
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Social, Political, Regulatory,
and Community Factors
Pressures from special interest groups
Glare of investigative reporting
Health and nutrition concerns
Concerns about alcohol and drug abuse
Sexual harassment
Corporate downsizing
Impact of plant closings on communities
Rising/falling interest rates
Economic conditions (good or bad)
Trade restrictions, tariffs, and import quotas
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What Do We Mean by
“Corporate Social Responsibility?”
Conducting company activities within bounds of
what is considered ethical and in public interest
Responding positively to emerging societal
priorities and expectations
Demonstrating willingness to take needed
action ahead of regulatory confrontation
Balancing stockholder interests against larger
interest of society as a whole
Being a “good citizen” in community
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Competitive Conditions and
Industry Attractiveness
A company’s strategy has to be
responsive to
Fresh moves of rival competitors
Changes in industry’s
price-cost-profit economics
Shifting buyer needs and expectations
For strategy to be
successful, it has to
Be well matched to
capturing a company’s
best opportunities
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Strategic Management Principle
Business philosophies
Attitudes toward risk
Ethical beliefs
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Shared Values and Company Culture
Values and culture often shape
the strategic moves a company will
Consider
Reject
It is generally unwise for a
company to undertake strategic
moves which conflict with
Its culture
Values widely shared by managers
and employees
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Hewlett-Packard’s
Basic Values: “The HP Way”
Sharing firm’s success with employees
Showing trust and respect for employees
Providing customers with products or services
of the greatest value
Being genuinely interested in providing customers
with effective solutions to their problems
Making profit a high stockholder priority
Avoiding use of long-term debt to finance growth
Individual initiative, creativity, & teamwork
Being a good corporate citizen
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Linking Strategy With Ethics
Ethical and moral standards go beyond
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