Policy formualtion, Implementation and

Evaluation
 Policy
• A policy is typically described as a
principle or rule to guide decisions and
achieve rational outcome/s.
• Policy is a course of action adopted by an
organization or individual.
• It is a Strategy: means a plan of action to do
something.
 Overall process of policy making
• PHASE 1: INITIATION
• Step 1: Agenda-setting/issue (problem) identification
• Step 2: Policy instruments
• Step 3: Policy analysis
• Step 4: Stakeholder engagement, consultation and co-ordination
• PHASE 2: GENERATION
• Step 5: Policy formulation, decision-making and policy drafting
• PHASE 3: IMPLEMENTATION
• Step 6: Policy implementation
• PHASE 4: EVALUATION
• Step 7: Policy monitoring and evaluation
 STEP 5: POLICY FORMULATION
PROCESS
Determination of national objectives

Need assesement according to Objectives

Finalization of Themes and target areas

Target setting based on trend projection

Preparation and publication of policy

 Determination of national objectives
• Education policy usually design for national
objectives
• Educational policy is formed by
Govt .Officials.
• Govt .Officials aware of political context and they
formulate policy according to socio-political context.
• Educational policy formulated for the interest of all
members in society
• Educational policy always formed for betterment of
society .Policy is applied in society . So, its based on
social context.
 Need assessment according to objectives

• Firstly, policy makers identify the specific need on

which policy is formulated .This need should fullfill
the national objectives
• Policy makers use strategies for the assessment of
need on which policy is formulated
 Finalization of themes and target areas

• After, identifying the specific need according to

national objectives .
• Policy makers confront many themes

• Out of these themes ,policy makers finalise the

specific theme
• Finally, policy makers set the target of
policy formulation
 Target based on trend projection
• Policy makers choose the target area via this
target setting is implemented in coming
years or not.
• Policy makers set the target area in a way, it
is implented in future
• Policy makers check the reliability of the
policy for future times .Will policy continue
Preparation and publication of policy

• It is the last process of policy formulation

process .In which the policy makers prepare
the policy that is ready for publication in
public.
 What is policy
implementation?

• “Policy implementation is a process of interaction

between the setting of goals and actions geared to
achieve them”.
• It is a dynamic conversion process of policies and
plans into specific programs and projects.
• The stage between decision and operations.
 HOW POLICY INSTRUMENTS ARE CHOSEN FOR
IMPLEMENTATION
• COERCION THEORY – holds that governments tend to
respond to policy issues by moving from the least
coercive policy instruments to the most coercive.
• NEO-MARXIST APPROACH – holds that the state will
choose different policy instruments depending on the
economic power of the constituency group.
• PUBLIC CHOICE THEORY – argues that politicians
choose policy instruments on the basis of improving
their electoral position
 APPROACHES TO Implementation
1. Structural approach
• Requires choosing the appropriate organizational form
for accomplishing the task.
2. Procedural and managerial approach
• Develops appropriate processes and procedures for
managing and implementing programs.
• It includes:
• network planning and control (NPC)
• the use of PERT (Program Evaluation and Review
Technique)
• Log Frame (short for Logical Framework)
Analysis
• Iterative scanning of the environment
 APPROACHES TO Implementation

3. Behavioural approach
• Soothes acceptability and consensus building
required in implementing policies viewed with
conflicting lenses by various stakeholders.
• It includes:
• Stakeholder analysis
• MBO (Management by Objectives)
• OD (Organizational Development)
4. Political approach
• Anticipates political obstacles and takes them
 USES OF POLICY IMPLEMENTATION

• Information – to make people aware of the policy or

program.
• Inducement – to make it easier for people to adopt new
behaviour.
• Enforcement – to require people to adopt new behaviour
under threat of penalties.
• Benefaction – to offer positive benefits or incentives to
people who change their behaviour in the desired
direction.
 Why policies can’t be Implemented
Successfully?
The reasons for unsuccessful implementation may
include the following:
• It is difficult to specify details in advance.
• Implementation permits matching of local
goods and services to local preference.
• Implementation does not always agree with
policy objectives specified in alternatives.
• IMPLEMENTATION GAP – the gap between
policy and implementation. It is also called policy
failure.
 TYPES OF POLICY FAILURE

• NON - IMPLEMENTATION
• – A case wherein the policy is not put into effect as
intended because of various reasons.

• UNSUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATION
• – occurs when a policy is carried out in full and
external circumstances are not altogether favourable.
 More Problematic
• Complex technical features

• Comprehensive change from the status quo

• Multiple-actor target

• Multiple-goal objective

• Unclear and ambiguous goals

• Long duration
 Policy Evaluation
• Evaluation means making judgment about
something, amount, number or value.

• Policy Evaluation is conducted for checking the

effects of the policy. The Policy Evaluation provides
us direction for the evaluation programs, projects
and strategies.
 Characteristics of a Good Policy

• Policies must be known and understood by all who are

affected by them. Written policies are most effective
because they are spell out what organization members
should or should not do under a given situation.

• Policies should be stable. If policies are to serve as guides to

actions, they should not be changed frequently. Careful study
should therefore taken in
 Characteristics of a Good Policy
• Policies must be sincere. It means that the policy
implementers should be sincere to there policies.

• Policies must be realistic. Present situations or

conditions must be considered if policy
statements are to be implemented.
• Policies must be joined up. Policy making should
be built around shared corporate goals and
values, not around organizational structures or
existing functions.
 Characteristics of a Good Policy

• Policies should be future proofed. Reflects identified

prospective trends and not only on past performance.
As is commonly stated: the past is not a guarantee of
the future.
• Policies must be goal Focus on outcome
based.
emphasis onthe
delivered without
method by which it is to be achieved.
unnecessary
Evaluation Planning process
Any Question Please ???