OF

GLOBALIZ
DISEASE
ATION
S
GLOBALIZATION OF DISEASES
• INFECTIOUS DISEASES REMAIN THE LEADING
KILLERS OF HUMAN BEING.
• MORE THAN 40 MILLION PEOPLE LIVE WITH HIV,
AND MORE THAN 3 MILLION DIE OF AIDS EACH
YEAR.
• MORE WOMEN ARE BECOMING VICTIMS OF AIDS
DUE TO POVERTY, DISCRIMINATION, VIOLENCE,
TRADITIONAL VALUES AND BELIEFS ABOUT
WOMEN’S ROLES IN MEN’S ROLES, AND WOMEN’S
INVOLVEMENT IN SURVIVAL SEX.
SURVIVAL SEX
• HAVING SEX TO FEED THEIR FAMILIES AND TO PROTECT THEMSELVES FROM
PHYSICAL ABUSE AND ECONOMIC DEPRIVATION.

GLOBALIZATION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES

• RICH COUNTRIES HAS THE ABILITY TO ELIMINATE MANY LEADING
DISEASES.

TWO FACTORS OF REEMERGENCE OF DISEASES

• GROWING RESISTANCE TO COMMON ANTIBIOTICS.
• THE DEVASTATING IMPACT OF NEW EPIDEMICS.
NEW EPIDEMICS IN 1990
• CHOLERA IN LATIN AMERICA, PARTICULARLY IN
PERU
• PLAGUE IN INDIA
• EBOLA VIRUS IN AFRICA
• DENGUE FEVER IN ASIA
• WEST NILE VIRUS IN THE UNITED STATES
• BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALITIS (MAD COW
DISEASE) IN EUROPE.
GLOBAL TRAVEL AND
COMMUNICATIONS
• HUMAN BEINGS ARE THE MOST EFFICIENT
TRANSMITTERS OF DISEASES. IN THE PAST LARGE
PROPORTIONS OF POPULATIONS WERE KILLED BY
PLAGUES AS PEOPLE TRAVELLED TO DISTANT
PLACES.
• PLAGUE OF JUSTINIANS
• NAMED AFTER A ROMAN EMPEROR, OCCURRED IN 541 AD, DEVASTATED EUROPE

• BUBONIC PLAGUE
• ALSO KNOWN AS BLACK DEATH, IN 12TH AND 13TH CENTURIES 25 MILLION WERE
KILLED IN EUROPE (THAT IS 2 OUT OF 3 PERSON).

• HONGKONG FLU
• ORIGINATED IN SOUTH CHINA, DISCOVERED IN 1968 AND KILLED ABOUT 700,000
PEOPLE WORLDWIDE.

• AVIAN FLU (BIRD FLU)

• WAS TRANSPORTED BY CHICKENS IMPORTED BY HONGKONG FROM SOUTH CHINA.
• SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME (SARS)
• SPREAD GLOBALLY IN NOVEMBER 2002, ORIGINATED IN SOUTH CHINA.

• WEST NILE VIRUS

• WAS TRANSPORTED TO THE UNITED STATES ON AIRPLANES. IT IS BELIEVED THAT
AFRICAN MOSQUITOES THAT TRANSMIT YELLOW FEVER AND DENGUE FEVER ARRIVED
IN SOUTH AMERICA AND OTHER PARTS OF THE WORLD ENGAGED IN THE TRANS-
ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE.
• TRADE
• IT IS ALSO A MAJOR FACILITATOR IN THE GLOBALIZATION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES.
THE BUBONIC PLAGUE (BLACK DEATH) WAS TRANSMITTED TO EUROPE THROUGH
TRADE WITH ASIA.
• ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

• ETHNIC CONFLICTS AND WARS

• REFUGEE AND MIGRATION

• POVERTY

• MODERN MEDICAL PRACTICE

• CHANGING SOCIAL BEHAVIORAL PATTERNS

HUMAN SECURITY AND INFECTIOUS
DISEASES

• GLOBAL SECURITY
• STRESSES A COMMON AND COMPREHENSIVE SECURITY WORLDWIDE.
• HUMAN SECURITY
• FOCUSES ON THE INDIVIDUAL AS A PRIMARY OBJECT SECURITY.
• IT EMBRACES A PEOPLE-CENTERED APPROACH OF ANTICIPATING AND
COPING WITH THE MULTIPLE THREATS ORDINARY INDIVIDUALS FACE IN AN
INCREASINGLY GLOBALIZED SOCIETY.
THE EMERGENCE OF THE CONCEPT OF HUMAN
SECURITY DURING THE 1990S IS ATTRIBUTED TO
THREE DEVELOPMENTS;

• THE END OF THE COLD WAR, WHICH RADICALLY ALTERED THE GLOBAL
POLITICAL AND SECURITY ENVIRONMENT.
• A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE EVERYDAY INSECURITIES
EXPERIENCED BY THE WORLD’S POOR.
• THE UNPRECEDENTED CHANGES AND UNCERTAINTY, INFLUENCING A RE-
EVALUATION OF TRADITIONAL VIEWS IN SECURITY.
UN MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT
GOALS
• DISEASES KILL FAR MORE PEOPLE IN WAR.
• DISEASE UNDERMINE PUBLIC CONFIDENCE IN STATE, THEREBY ERODING ITS
LEGITIMACY.
• DISEASE WEAKENS THE ECONOMIC FOUNDATION OF HUMAN SECURITY.
• DISEASE PROFOUNDLY AFFECTS SOCIAL ORDER AND STABILITY.
• THE SPREAD OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES CONTRIBUTES TO REGIONAL
INSTABILITY.
• DISEASES CAN BE USED IN BIOWARFARE AND BIOTERRORISM.
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
INFECTIOUS DISEASE

DISORDERS CAUSED BY ORGANISM – SUCH

AS BACTERIA, VIRUS, FUNGI OR PARASITES.
CAN BE SPREAD FROM ONE PERSON TO
ANOTHER THROUGH DIRECT OR INDIRECT
CONTACT.
DIRECT CONTACT
PERSON – PERSON
ANIMAL – PERSON

INDIRECT CONTACT
INSECT BITES
FOOD CONTAMINATION
PATHOGENS

MICROORGANISMS CAPABLE OF
CAUSING DISEASES.
EPIDEMIC

WHEN INFECTIOUS DISEASE SPREAD IN A COMMUNITY AT A

PARTICULAR TIME OR A SHORT PERIOD OF TIME.
OCCURS WHEN AN INFECTIOUS SPREADS RAPIDLY TO MANY
PEOPLE WORLDWIDE.
EXAMPLE:
SARS (SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME) IN 2003 WHICH
TOOK THE LIVES OF NEARLY 800 PEOPLE WORLDWIDE
 PANDEMICS
LONG LASTING CATHASTROPHIC GLOBAL EPIDEMICS
SPREADS FROM ONE CONTINENT TO ANOTHER
OFTEN CAUSED BY A NEW VIRUS THAT HAS NOT
CIRCULATED FOR A LONG TIME.
EXAMPLE:
SPANISH FLU OF 1918-1920 WHICH CAUSED ROUGHLY 50
MILLION DEATHS WORLDWIDE.
HOST

ORGANISM THAT CARRY DISEASES

ZOONOSIS

TRANSMISSION OF DISEASES FROM HOST

ANIMALS TO HUMAN.
EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRANSITION THEORY

A UNIQUE PATTERN OF DISEASES

THAT IS ULTIMATELY RELATED TO
MODES OF SUBSISTENCE AND SOCIAL
STRUCTURE.
FIRST TRANSITION (AGE OF PESTILENCE AND
FAMINE)

CHARACTERIZAD BY HIGH AND FLUCTUATING

MORTALITY RATES, VARIABLE LIFE EXPECTANCY WITH
LOW AVERAGE LIFE SPAN (OMRAM 1971)
TRANSFORMATION FROM HUNTER-GATHERER SOCIETIES
TO AGRARIAN SOCIETIES, WITH MORE SETTLED LIFE
REQUIRED TO TEND CULTIVATED CROPS AND
DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.
SANITATION PROBLEMS AND CLOSED INTERACTION OF
HUMAN AND ANIMALS.
SECOND TRANSITION (AGE OF RECEDING
PANDEMICS)

CHARACTERIZED BY A SHIFT IN PATTERNS OF

DISEASE AND MORTALITY FROM PRIMARILY
INFECTIOUS DISEASES TO CHRONIC DISEASES.
MARKED BY DECLINING MORTALITY RATES, AND
AN INCREASE IN AVERAGE LIFE EXPECTANCY
FROM ABOUT 30 YEARS TO ABOUT 50 YEARS OF
AGE. (OMRAM 1971)
THIRD TRANSITION (AGE OF DEGENERATIVE AND
MAN MADE DISEASES )

THE CURRENT WAVE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE.

EMERGENCE NEW DISEASES AND REEMERGENCE
INFECTIOUS DISEASES.
GROWING ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE, DUE
PRIMARILY TO THE FREQUENT USE AND MISUSE OF
ANTIBIOTICS AND OTHER ANTIMICROBIAL.
INFLUENZA
CONTAGIOUS VIRAL INFECTION OF THE
RESPIRATORY TRACT.
IT DEMANDS URGENT ATTENTION.
SPREADS FROM PERSON TO PERSON, OFTEN
THROUGH AIR.
SPANISH FLU

PANDEMIC OF 1918 -1920.

GENERALY REGARDED AS THE MOST LETHAL
PLAGUE IN HISTORY, CAUSING ROUGHLY 50
MILLION DEATHS WORLDWIDE.
REASSORT

MUTATION OF VIRUSES THAT ENHANCE

CHANCES OF HUMAN TO HUMAN
TRANSMISSION OF DISEASE.
TAMIFLU

MEDICINE USE TO TREAT PATIENTS INFECTED

WITH AVIAN FLU.
MALARIA, DENGUE, AND YELLOW FEVER

MALARIA
AN INFECTION TRANSMITED BY A FEMALE ANOPHELES
MOSQUITO TO HUMANS.
MALARIAL PARASITES INFECT RED BLOOD CELLS ,
CAUSING CHILLS, FEVER AND OFTEN DEATH.
DENGUE

TRANSMITTED BY THE MOSQUITOS AEDES AEGYPTI AND AEDES

ALBOPICTUS

VIRAL DISEASE, TRANSMITTED BY MOSQUITOS THAT ACQUIRE THE

VIRUS WHEN THEY SUCK BLOOD FROM AN INFECTED PERSON,
REPLICATE THE VIRUS IN THEIR SYSTEM, AND TRANSMIT IT TO THE
NEXT PERSON THEY BITE.
 YELLOW FEVER
HAEMORRHAGIC DISEASE RANSMITTED BY INFECTED
MOSQUITOS BELONGING TO AEDIS AGYPTI AND HEMOGOGUS
ESTIMATED OF 30, 000 PEOPLE DIE EACH YEAR
ENDEMIC IN AFRICA, ASIA, LATIN AMERICA AND SEVERAL
CARRIBEAN ISLANDS
SYMPTOMS INCUDE FEVER, MUSCLE PAN, BACKACHES, HEAD
ACHES, SHIVERING, LOSS OF APPETITE, NAUSEA AND
VOMITING
DDT

DICHLORO DIPHENYL TRICHLOROETHANE

WAS FIRST USED IN1939 AS AN AGRICULTURAL
INSECTICIDE IN SWITZERLAND.
LATER WAS INTRODUCED AS A CURE FOR MALARIA.
GLOBAL MALARIA CAMPAIGN

CAMPAIGN OF WORLD HEATH ORGANIZATION.

INTENSIFIED THE USE OF DDT.
RACHEL CARSON

SILENT SPRING
HORIZONTAL APPROACH

STRATEGY THAT EMPHASIZED THE CONTROL

AND CONTAINMENT, AS OPPOSED TO THE
ERADICATION OF MALARIA.
DRAKE ZIMMERMAN

STARTED THE IDEA OF PROVIDING BED NETS

TREATED WITH SAFE INSECTICIDES TO REDUCE
MALARIA PROBLEMS.
 UNICEF ( UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN’S
FUND)

• PLAYS A LEADING ROLE IN PROVIDING BED

NETS.
JEFFREY SACHS
ARTEMISININ

NEW MEDICINE FOR MALARIA

TUBERCULOSIS

DISEASE CAUSED BY BACTERIA CALLED MYCOBCTERIUM

TUBERCULOSIS.
MYCOBACTERIUM USUALLY ATTACK THE LUNGS, BUT CAN
ALSO DAMAGE OTHER PARTS OF THE BODY.

 
BALKAN CONFLICT

OCCURED FROM 1992-1995 AND

CONTRIBUTED TO THE QUADRUPLING OF
TUBERCULOSIS IN THE BALKAN ISLANDS.
STREPTOMYCIN

A DRUG COMMONLY USED TO TREAT

TUBERCULOSIS.
•  
4 FACTORS CONTRIBUTED TO TUBERCULOSIS
AS A GLOBAL DISEASE

• TUBERCULOSIS WAS DECLINED IN RICH COUNTRIES.

• MANY POLICYMAKERS AND THE GENERAL POPULATION IN
WEALTHY COUNTRIES UNDERESTIMATED THE DEGREE TO
WHICH THEIR HEALTH WAS INTERTWINED WITH THAT OF
PEOPLE IN OTHER PARTS OF THE WORLD.
• THE EMERGENCE OF THE HIV/AIDS PANDEMIC REJUVENATED
TUBERCULOSIS, CREATING NEW CONCERNS FOR WEALTHY
COUNTRIES.
• THE WORLD WAS UNPREPARED FOR AN INCREASE IN
OUTBREAKS OF MULTI-DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS.
• DOTS STRATEGY

• 5 ELEMENTS OF DOTS
• GOVERNMENT COMMITMENT TO SUSTAINED TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL.
• DETECTION OF TUBERCULOSIS CASES THROUGH SPUTUM-SMEAR MICROSCOPY
AMONG PEOPLE WITH SYMPTOMS.
• REGULAR AND UNINTERRUPTED SUPPLY OF HIGH-QUALITY ANTI-TUBERCULOSIS
DRUG.
• SIX TO EIGHT MONTHS OF REGULAR SUPERVISED TREATMENT.
• REPORTING SYSTEMS TO MONITOR TREATMENT PROGRESS AND PROGRAM
PERFORMANCE.

• HIV/AIDS
• HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) OR ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY
SYNDROME (AIDS)
• SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (SIV)
• BELIEVED TO BE THE SOURCE OF HIV/AIDS.

• SEX TOURISM

• SOUTH AFRICA
• THE EPICENTER OF THE GLOBAL HIV/AIDS CRISIS.

• APARTHIED

• DRY SEX
GLOBAL RESPONSES TO AIDS

• 100 PERCENT CONDOM PROGRAM

• THAILAND’S PROGRAM TO PROTECT COMMERCIAL SEX ACTS THROUGH
MANDATORY CONDOM USAGE.
• FREE CONDOMS ARE DISTRIBUTED TO THE SEX WORKERS, WHO ARE
INSTRUCTED TO USE THEM OR FACE SEVERAL PENALTIES.
• ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUG
• DRUG USE BY HIV/ AIDS PATIENTS TO LIVE A NORMAL LIFE.
•  
• COMPREHENSIVE HIV/AIDS CARE, MANAGEMENT, AND TREATMENT PLAN
• SOUTH AFRICAN GOVERNMENT IMPLEMENTED THIS PROGRAM IN 2004.
• THIS PROGRAM FOCUSES ON USING ANTIRETROVIRAL MEDICINES TO TREAT PEOPLE,
VOLUNTARY COUNSELLING, TESTING, AND INCREASING THE DISTRIBUTION OF FEE
CONDOMS.
•  
• SAMARITAN’S PURSE
• AN EVANGELICAL CHARITY BASED IN SOUTH CAROLINA INVOLVED IN FIGHTING THE
SPREAD OF HIV/AIDS.
• ABC PROGRAM
• ABSTINENCE, BE FAITHFUL, AND USE CONDOM PROGRAM
• DEVELOPED IN UGANDA TO FIGHT HIV/AIDS, STRESSES ABSTINENCE, FIDELITY,
AND USING CONDOMS.

• EMERGENCY PLAN FOR AIDS RELIEF

• PRESIDENT GEORGE W. BUSH ANNOUNCED THIS PROGRAM IN HIS STATE OF THE
UNION ADDRESS IN 2003 AS INFLUENCED BY GRAHAM AND THE EVANGELICALS,
COMMITTING $15 BILLION OVER FIVE YEARS TO PREVENT HIV INFECTIONS AND
TREATING PATIENTS
•  
• WILLIAM J. CLINTON PRESIDENTIAL FOUNDATION HIV/AIDS INITIATIVE
• CONCLUDED AN AGREEMENT WITH GENERIC DRUG MANUFACTURERS TO LOWER THE
PRICE OF TRIPLE COMBINATION ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUG REGIMENS TO LESS THAN $140
PER PATIENT PER YEAR.

• WHO’S SPECIAL PROGRAM

• LAUNCHED IN 1985 BY WHO.
• WHICH SET THE OBJECTIVES OF REDUCING THE GROWTH OF HIV/AIDS GLOBALLY AND TO
LESSEN THE DISEASE’S IMPACT ON THE COUNTRIES MOST SERIOUSLY AFFECTED.
• TRIPS
• AGREEMENT ON TRADE-RELATED ASPECTS OF
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
• SARS
• SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME

• SUPERSPREADER
• PERSON RESPONSIBLE FOR SPREADING DISEASE TO A
LARGE NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS.
 FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTED TO THE RAPID
GLOBAL RESPONSE
• FEAR AND UNCERTAINTY. THE RAPID SPREAD OF THE DISEASE AND ITS LETHALITY
CREATED A SENSE OF URGENCY TO RESPOND.
• STRONGER LEADERSHIP. THE WHO WAS PROACTIVE IN RAISING GLOBAL
AWARENESS AND MOBILIZING THE GLOBAL RESPONSES.
• SCIENTIFIC ADVANCES. NEW SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE AND TECHNIQUES ENABLE
RESEARCHERS TO FIND SOLUTIONS QUICKLY.
• HEIGHTENED AWARENESS OF BIOLOGICAL WEAPON THREAT. CONCERNS WITH
TERRORISM AND THE THREAT OF BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS INFLUENCED COUNTRIES TO
ACT QUICKLY TO IDENTIFY NEW INFECTIOUS DISEASES.
• CONCERNS ABOUT MISSING ANOTHER AIDS PROBLEM. PUBLIC HEALTH OFFICIALS
REACTED SWIFTLY TO SARS, BELIEVING THAT THE SLOW GLOBAL RESPONSE TO
HIV/AIDS ALLOWED THAT DISEASE TO BUILD UP DEVASTATING MOMENTUM.
GLOBAL RESPONSES TO INFECTIOUS DISEASES

• THE GLOBAL COMMUNITY HAS LONG RECOGNIZED THAT PREVENTING,

TREATING, AND CONTROLLING THE SPREAD OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES CAN
BE ACCOMPLISHED ONLY THROUGH COOPERATION AMONG INDIVIDUALS,
NGOS, GOVERNMENTS, AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS.

INTERNATIONAL SANITATION CONFERENCE

• EFFORT TO PREVENT THE SPREAD OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES FROM

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES TO EUROPE, PRIMARILY THROUGH TRAVEL AND
TRADE.
CENTER FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND
PREVENTION (CDC)

• U.S. ORGANIZATION DEVOTED IN PREVENTING AND

CONTROLLING THE TRANSMISSION OF INFECTIOUS
DISEASES IN THE UNITED STATES.
 INTERNATIONAL HEALTH REGULATIONS
• COUNTRIES ARE REQUIRED TO REPORT OUTBREAK OF YELLOW FEVER, CHOLERA, PLAGUE,
AND OTHER DISEASES. THIS INFORMATION DISSEMINATION TO OTHER COUNTRIES AND
SURVEILLANCE STRATEGIES ARE IMPLEMENTED TO HELP PREVENT TRANSMISSION.
• COUNTRIES ARE REQUIRED TO PROVIDE SAFE DRINKING WATER, FOOD, AND DISPOSAL OF
REFUSE, WASTEWATER, AND OTHER THINGS DANGEROUS TO HEALTH AT THE AIRPORTS AND
PORTS.
• COUNTRIES ARE REQUIRED TO HEALTH SERVICES, EQUIPMENT, AND SERVICES FOR ISOLATING
INFECTED PERSONS AND FOR DISINFECTING, DISINSECTING, AND DERATTING SHIPS AND
AIRCRAFTS.
• WHO EMPHASIZE THE IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICINES TO
PREVENT THE EMERGENCE AND SPREAD OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES.
• THE WHO PERSUADED SIX MAJOR PUBLISHERS OF MEDICAL JOURNALS TO REDUCE THEIR
PRICES SO THAT DOCTORS AND RESEARCHERS IN POOR SOCIETIES HAVE INCREASED ACCESS
TO INFORMATION TO IMPROVE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM AND DEVELOP NEW TREATMENT.