China and India rising,

Implication for global

development
presented by Mubashar
Mahmood 32038
Introduction: China
History
Geography
Economy
government
China is officially recognized people Republic of china
and is located in east Asia. It is world most populous
country with having population of 1.4 billion. It has
border with 14 different countries especially Pakistan,
Nepal, Russia, India, North Korea and central Asian
states. Beijing is a capital and Shanghai is a largest city.
China emerged as one of the world first civilization in
the fertile basin of the yellow river in the north china
plain.
Before 1949 China system was based on hereditary or
monarchies or dynasties. xia dynasty, Han dynasty and
Qin Dynasty. Under the Han dynasty China was clearly
the world technological superpower. Europe
conquered Asia after 1500 century with compass,
gunpowder and the printing press all Chinese
innovation
How China lost its lead
Emperor ended ocean going trade and exploration.
Closed shipyards and placed sever limitation on
Chines merchant trade for centuries. Why he did:
 Voyages were too expensive
Threat of nomadic incursion over china northern
border
China membership :
China is a permanent member of the United Nation
security council and founding member of several
multilateral and regional cooperation organization
SCO, BRICS,G8 andG20.
Government and Religion
China is currently governed by as a unitary, one party
Socialist republic by CCP.
74.5% no religion
18.3% Buddhism
5.2 Christianity
1.6 Islam
0.4% others
Economy
China has had the world’s second largest economy in
terms of nominal GDP totaling approximately US$
15.66 trillion. China in global economy contribution:
1. 1980 2.32%
2. 1990 4.11%
3. 2000 7.4%
4 2018 18.74%
China is consider the second wealthiest nation in the
world and largest manufacturer and exporter and also
second largest defense budget.
Territorial disputes
India
Bhutan
Protectionism
Till 1978 china follow the policy of protectionism .
Isolation from world
Market reforms:
Market reform begin in 1978, international trade and
investment liberalized special economic zones were
set up. The rural peasant were given the freedom to
leave the farm and begin to work in rural industry
known as township and village enterprises
Contribution by educated people
Chinese economic society a group of remarkable
young Chinese economists mostly educated in the
west who were ardently trying to understand the best
choices for economic reform and institutional change.
Comparing China to Eastern Europe and
Russia
The soviet and Eastern European economies had
massive foreign debt where China did not
China had a large coastline that supported its export
led growth whereas the Soviet Union and Eastern
Europe did not have the benefit of large coastlines and
the resulting low cost access to international trade.
China had the benefit of overseas Chinese
communities which acted as foreign investors and role
model whereas most of the soviet Union and Eastern
Europe did not have comparable overseas
communities.
China remained at low level of technology easily adopt
western specification but Russia don’t have ,
technology incompatible with western USA, EU and
Japanese.
India
Introduction
History
Geography
Market reforms
Introduction
India is officially recognized republic of India. It is the
seventh largest country by area and the second most
populous and great democracy
Geography
It shares border with Pakistan to the west, China,
Nepal and Bhutan to the north and Bangladesh and
Myanmar to the east.
National song, Capital and largest city
Vande matarm
Capital Delhi
Largest city Mumbai
Official languages Hindi and English
Native languages 447
Religion
Hinduism 79%
Islam 14.2%
Christianity
 Sikhism 1.7%
Buddhism 0.7%
Jainism 0.4%
History
By 55000 year ago the first human had arrived on the
Indian subcontinent from South Africa
Modern India
1848 and 1885 lord Dalhousie as governor general of
the east India company set the stage for changes
essential to a modern state. Britain invested heavily on
the Indian Subcontinent financing roads, rails,
electricity grids and telegraph connection to help
develop the Indian economy from the late nineteenth
century onward.
British show no interest
British Raj showed a disdain for educating the Indian
population. There is no doubt that Nehru and Ghandi
were educated who create India but they were few in
number. The infrastructure was built to exploit India,s
raw material such as cotton for British mills.
Politics and government
A parliamentary republic with a multiparty system. It
has eight recognized national parties including the
Indian national congress and BJP and more than 40
regional parties. The congress is centre left and BJP is
right wing
Administrative division

India is federal union comprising 28 states and 8

union territories.
1950
In 1950 India strongly supported decolonization in
Africa and played a leading role in the non aligned
movement
Economy
According to survey the Indian economy in 2020 was
2.7 trillion. It is the sixth largest economy by market
exchange rate, third largest by purchasing power parity
which is 8.9 trillion $.
Till 1991 all Indian government followed protectionist
policies that were influenced by socialist economy. An
acute balance of payment crises in 1991 forced the
nation to liberalize its economy, focus on foreign trade
and FDI flow.

Contribution in GDP
Servicing sector 55.6%
Industrial sector 26%
Agriculture sector 18.6%
Indian foreign exchange remittances 70 billion $ in
2012.
India is world largest producer of milk
India telecommunication industry is the second
largest in the world with over 1.2 billion subscriber. It
contributes 6.5% to Indian GDP.
Nehru policies
When Nehru became the first PM, he quickly
introduced a strategy of democratic socialism . Nehru
looked for the path of self sufficient economic
development on that would not rely on global market,
international trade and FDI.Nehru opted for a system
of state controls. Licenses were needed for everything
in India: to trade, to invest and to expand factory
capacity
The launch of Reforms
Role of Dr mahn mohn singh as finance minister
which was also pm of India in 2005 and 2013.
Singh first step were to end the most crippling
bureaucratic restriction on international trade and
investment . The government lowered tariff barrier
and lifted import quotas from thousands of goods. The
government was also promoting export. Indian
producer could buy capital goods and intermediate
inputs on world market at competitive price making it
possible for them to sell their own finished goods on
world markets at lower prices
The government also began to make it easier for
foreign firms to invest in India. To encourage foreign
investors the government liberalized the number of
approvals needed.
India is competing China
By 2004, India was growing at around 7 % per year
approaching the growth rate of China. Tamil Nadu a
fast growing state in southeast India.
Role of IT graduates
IT graduates migrated in large number to USA . By the
Mid 1990s they were becoming the business leader of
their generation, taking leadership positions at
Microsoft and other international companies. By the
late 1990s India centre of IT operation in the cities of
Bangalore, Chenai, Hyderabad and Mumbai were the
destination for major companies looking for software
engineering, data transcription services and computer
graphics etc.
Implication for global development
The return of China and India to global economics
prominence in the twenty first century is likely to
reshape global politics and society.