ECE

EE 8443
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EEE248 and Discrete
CIRCUIT THEORY-II

EEE248 CIRCUIT THEORY-II

• By
• Dr. Abbas UĞURENVER

1
ECE
EE 8443
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Continuous
EEE248 and Discrete
CIRCUIT THEORY-II

• LECTURE 6
• Sinusoidal Steady-State
Power Calculations

• CHAPTER CONTENTS
• 10.1 Instantaneous Power
• 10.2 Average and Reactive Power
• 10.3 The rms Value and Power Calculations
• 10.4 Complex Power
• 10.5 Power Calculations
• 10.6 Maximum Power Transfer
ECE
EE 8443
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Continuous
EEE248 and Discrete
CIRCUIT THEORY-II

1. İn this lecture we will understand the following

concepts:
– Instantaneous power;
– Average (real) power;
– Reactive power;
– Complex power; and
– Power factor.
2. Understand the condition for maximum real power
delivered to a load in an ac circuit and calulate the
– Load impedance.
– 3. Be able to calculate all forms of ac power in ac
circuits with linear transformers and in ac circuits with
ideal transformers.
ECE
EE 8443
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EEE248 and Discrete
CIRCUIT THEORY-II

10.1 Instantaneous Power

• Instantaneous power is measured in watts when the
voltage is in volts and the current is in amperes.

Figure 10.1 The black box

representation of a circuit
used for calculating power.

• where is the voltage phase angle, and is the current phase angle
 ECE
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and Discrete

• substitute Eqs. 10.4 and 10.5 into Eq. 10.1,

• To simplified this equation We begin with the trigonometric

identity
ECE
EE 8443
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EEE248 and Discrete
CIRCUIT THEORY-II

• Now use the trigonometric identity

ECE
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Figure 10.2 Instantaneous power, voltage, and

current versus vt for steady-state sinusoidal
operation.
ECE
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EEE248 and Discrete
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10.2 Average and Reactive Power

• Average (real) power

• Reactive power

• P is called the average power, and Q is called the reactive power.

Average power is sometimes called real power.
ECE
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EEE248 and Discrete
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Power for Purely Resistive Circuits

• If the circuit between the terminals is purely resistive, he voltage
and current are in phase, which means that qv = qi.

• The instantaneous power expressed is referred to as the

instantaneous real power.

• This power will be always

Positive.
ECE
EE 8443
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EEE248
EEE248 and Discrete
CIRCUIT THEORY-II

Power for Purely Inductive Circuits

• If the circuit between the terminals is purely inductive, the voltage
and current are out of phase by precisely 90°. In particular, the
current lags the voltage by 90° (that is, qv = qi – 90°)
• The instantaneous power

• The name reactive power comes from the characterization of an

inductor as a reactive element; its impedance is purely reactive.

• The average power P and reactive power Q carry the same

dimension. To distinguish between average and reactive power, we
use the units watt (W) for average power and var (volt-amp reactive,
or VAR) for reactive power.
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Figure 10.4 Instantaneous real power, average

power, and reactive power for a purely inductive
circuit.
ECE
EE 8443
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Continuous
EEE248 and Discrete
CIRCUIT THEORY-II

Power for Purely Capacitive Circuits

• If the circuit between the terminals is purely capacitive, the voltage

and current are precisely 90° out of phase. In this case, the current
leads the voltage by 90° (that is, qv = qi + 90°)
• The instantaneous power

• The avarage power is also zero .

• Power engineers recognize this difference in the algebraic sign of Q

by saying that inductors demand (or absorb) magnetizing vars, and
capacitors furnish (or deliver) magnetizing vars.
ECE
EE 8443
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EEE248 and Discrete
CIRCUIT THEORY-II

Figure 10.5 Instantaneous real power and average

power for a purely capacitive circuit.
ECE
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CIRCUIT THEORY-II

The Power Factor

• The power factor angle: qv – qi
• The cosine of this angle is called the power factor, pf.
• The sine of this angle is called the reactive factor, rf.

• Lagging power factor implies that current lags voltage—an inductive

load. Leading power factor implies that current leads voltage—a
capacitive load.
• Both the power factor and the reactive factor are convenient quantities
to use in describing electrical loads.
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Example 10.1
a) Calculate the average power and the reactive power at the
terminals of the network shown in Fig. 10.6 if

b) State whether the network inside the box is absorbing or delivering

average power.
c) State whether the network inside
the box is absorbing or supplying
magnetizing vars.

Figure 10.6 A pair of

terminals used for
calculating power.
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Solution
a) Because i is expressed in terms of the sine function, the first step in
the calculation for P and Q is to rewrite i as a cosine function:

b) the negative value of means that the network inside the box is
delivering average power to the terminals.

c) The passive sign convention means that, because Q is positive, the

network inside the box is absorbing magnetizing vars at its terminals.
ECE
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EEE248 and Discrete
CIRCUIT THEORY-II

Appliance Ratings

• Average power is used to quantify the power needs of household

appliances.
• The average power rating and estimated annual kilowatt-hour
consumption of some common appliances are presented in Table
10.1.
• The energy consumption values are obtained by estimating the
number of hours annually that the appliances are in use.

• For example, a coffeemaker has an estimated

annual consumption of 140 kWh and an average
power consumption during operation of 1.2 kW.
Therefore a coffeemaker is assumed to be in operation
140/1.2 or 116.67, hours per year, or approximately
19 minutes per day
ECE
EE 8443
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EEE248 and Discrete
CIRCUIT THEORY-II
ECE
EE 8443
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EEE248 and Discrete
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Example 10.2
• The branch circuit supplying the outlets in a typical home kitchen is
wired with #12 conductor and is protected by either a 20 A fuse or a
20 A circuit breaker. Assume that the following 120 V appliances are
in operation at the same time: a coffeemaker, egg cooker, frying
pan, and toaster. Will the circuit be interrupted by the protective
device?
ECE
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10.3 The rms Value and Power Calculations

• Assume that a sinusoidal voltage is applied to the terminals of a
resistor, as shown in Fig. 10.7

Figure 10.7 A sinusoidal

voltage applied to the terminals
of a resistor.
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• The rms value is also referred to as the effective value of the

sinusoidal voltage (or current).
• a sinusoidal source delivers the same energy to R as does
a dc source of the same value.
ECE
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• Figure 10.8 demonstrates this equivalence.

• Energy wise, the effect of the two sources is identical. This has led
to the term effective value being used interchangeably with rms
value.

Figure 10.8 The effective value of υs

(100 V rms) delivers the same power to
R as the dc voltage Vs (100 V dc).
ECE
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• The effective value of the sinusoidal signal in power calculations is

so widely used that voltage and current ratings of circuits and
equipment involved in power utilization are given in terms of rms
values.
ECE
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CIRCUIT THEORY-II

Example 10.3
a) A sinusoidal voltage having a maximum amplitude of 625 V is applied
to the terminals of a 50 Ω resistor. Find the average power delivered to
the resistor.
b) Repeat (a) by first finding the current in the resistor.
ECE
EE 8443
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Continuous
EEE248 and Discrete
CIRCUIT THEORY-II
ECE
EE 8443
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Continuous
EEE248 and Discrete
CIRCUIT THEORY-II

10.4 Complex Power

• Complex power is the complex sum of real power and reactive
power
ECE
EE 8443
3512 – Pattern
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Continuous
EEE248 and Discrete
CIRCUIT THEORY-II

• For the right triangle shown in Fig. 10.9, the magnitude of complex
power is referred to as apparent power.

Figure 10.9 A power triangle.

ECE
EE 8443
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Continuous
EEE248 and Discrete
CIRCUIT THEORY-II

Example 10.4
• An electrical load operates at 240 V rms. The load absorbs an average
power of 8 kW at a lagging power factor of 0.8.
a) Calculate the complex power of the load.
b) Calculate the impedance of the load.
ECE
EE 8443
3512 – Pattern
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Continuous
EEE248 and Discrete
CIRCUIT THEORY-II

Figure 10.10 A power triangle

ECE
EE 8443
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EEE248 and Discrete
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ECE
EE 8443
3512 – Pattern
– Signals: Recognition
Continuous
EEE248 and Discrete
CIRCUIT THEORY-II
ECE
EE 8443
3512 – Pattern
– Signals: Recognition
Continuous
EEE248 and Discrete
CIRCUIT THEORY-II

THE END