Lecture 2

LECTURE 2
DC to AC Converter
EET 424 Power Electronic for Energy System School of Electrical Systems Engineering 2
DC to AC inverter
1. Overview of inverter
2. Single-phase voltage source inverter (1-Ø VSI)
2.1 Topologies and basic operation of 1-Ø VSI
2.2 Output voltage control using pulse-width-modulation technique
2.2.1 Bipolar PWM technique
2.2.2 Unipolar PWM technique
3. Three-phase voltage source inverter (3-Ø VSI)
3.1 Topology and basic operation of 3-Ø VSI
3.2 Output voltage control of 3-Ø VSI
3.2.1 180 degree mode of operation
3.2.2 120 degree mode of operation
3.2.3 PWM technique
4. Current source inverter (CSI)
EET 424 Power Electronic for Energy System School of Electrical Systems
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1. Overview of Inverter
• Basically, there are 2 common type of sources, DC and AC

sources.
• Use dc source to produce symmetrical ac output voltages of

desired magnitude and frequency. The output voltage can be fixed
or variable at a fixed or variable frequency.
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Vout = ?
Vout = ?
What can you conclude from the circuits?

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• Mainly, the inverter is used to deliver power from dc source to passive or active ac
load by employing conventional SCRs or gate-driven semiconductor device (i.e.
GTOs, IGBTs and MOSFETs)
• Some renewable energy sources produces DC voltage that needed to be changed to

AC voltage before feeding into the grid.
• UPS stores the power inside the batteries that needed to be transform into AC voltage
needed for AC loads.
• Inverters are also used in motor drives as frequency converter, in induction heating
and transportation.
EET 424 Power Electronic for Energy System
School of Electrical Systems Engineering
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 Typical single-phase outputs are:
 120V at 60Hz
 220V at 50Hz
115V at 400Hz
 For three-phase systems, the outputs are:
 220V to 380V at 50Hz
120 to 208 at 60Hz
115 to 200V at 400Hz
 Inverter is called voltage source inverter (VSI) if the input voltage remains
constant and current source inverter (CSI) if the input current is maintained
constant.
 3 types of inverter:
 Single-phase inverter : half-bridge and full-bridge inverter
 Three-phase inverter
 Multilevel inverter : diode-clamped multilevel, flying capacitor multilevel, cascaded
multilevel and modular multilevel.
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2.1 Single Phase Half-bridge Inverter – Circuit topology

• VSI must be able to conduct current in both
directions to ensure bidirectional power flow
capability. For this reason, VSI use gate-driven
semiconductor with parallel diodes.
• Split dc-capacitors are used:
• to provide a return path for load current
• ensure inverter output voltage is between
±½Vdc.
• no need to design isolation transformer to block
dc voltage stress.
Two voltage source for a single load
Two capacitors
acts as
voltage source for
the load
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2.1 Single Phase Half-bridge Inverter - Operation
𝑉 𝑑𝑐
𝑉𝑜 =
2
S1 and S2 must turn ON simultaneously to avoid
short-circuit across dc-link.
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S1 on, S2 off
S2 on, S1 off
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Output voltage Switch states Power path

S1 S2 io > 0 io < 0
+½Vdc ON OFF S1C1 D1C1
-½Vdc OFF ON D2C2 S2C2
Fundamental output voltage in rms:

2Vdc
Vo 1 
2
The current from the source, Vdc equals one-half of load current, io due to equal value of split
dc-capacitor.
Limitation of half-bridge configuration is that varying the switching frequency cannot

control the output voltage. Each switch conducts at 50% duty cycle, commonly given by a
pulse-generator or clock timer or microcontroller.
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2.2 Full Bridge Single-phase Inverter -
Topology
S1 & S2 on, S3 & S4 off

S3 & S4 on, S1 & S2 off
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2.2 Full Bridge Single-phase Inverter - Circuit Operation

• S1 & S4 or S2 & S3 MUST NOT
conduct at the same time – result in
short circuit or shoot through fault
across dc-link.
• S1 and S2 are turned on

simultaneously to produce +Vdc
across the load. S3 and S4 are turned
on to produce –Vdc.
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2.2 Full Bridge Single-phase Inverter - Waveforms

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2.2 Full Bridge Single-phase Inverter - Inductive Load

During S1 & S2 are on, the current flows
through the load , Vo = Vdc .
During S1 & S2 are off, but S3 & S4 not yet

turned on, the current flows through D3 &
D4, Vo = -Vdc.
S3 & S4 turned on, Vo = -Vdc .
S3 & S4 turned off, but S1 & S2 not yet

turn on, the current flows through D1 & D2,
𝑇 Vo = Vdc .
2 T
For inductive load, the current waveform

has more of sinusoidal quality than voltage
because of filtering property of inductance.
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• S1 & S2 Conducts
• Io is positive, Vo is positive
• Load stores energy
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• D3 & D4 Conducts
• Io is positive, Vo is negative
• Load release energy
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• S3 & S4 Conducts
• Io is negative, Vo is negative
• Load stores energy
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• D1 & D2 Conducts
• Io is negative, Vo is positive
• Load release energy
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2.2 Full Bridge Single-phase Inverter - Analysis

io (t)  if (t)  in (t)
Vdc
  Aet/  for 0  t  T / 2
R
Vdc
 Be 
 t T/2 / 
io (t)  for T / 2  t  T
R
Vdc
io (0) = + Ae0 = Imin
R
Vdc
A  Imin 
R
 Vdc  Vdc   t /  T
V   I
 m in  e for 0  t 
io (T / 2)  dc  Be0  Imax  R  R  2
R
i o (t )  
Vdc  V
 V  tT /2 / T
B  Imax   dc
  I max  dc  e  for  t  T.
R  R  R  2
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2.2 Full Bridge Single-phase Inverter - Analysis – Continue
V 1  e  T/2  
I max   Imin  dc   /2  
R  1  e 
T T/2 2
1 2 2  Vdc  Vdc   t/  
I rms 
T0 
i (t) d(t) 
T 
0

 R



 min R  e  dt
I
 
If the switches are ideal, the power supplied by the source must be the
same as absorbed by the load. Power from the DC source is determine
from:
𝑃𝑑𝑐 =𝑉 𝑑𝑐 𝐼 𝑠
Power absorbed by the load:
2
𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑅
𝑃 =𝐼
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2.2 Full Bridge Single-phase Inverter - Fourier Analysis & THD


vo (t )  
n  1,3 ,5 ,..
V n sin n t Instantaneous output voltage in Fourier series
4V d c
Vn  Amplitude of each voltage term in vo(t)
n

io ( t )   I n sin  n t   n  Instantaneous output current in Fourier series
n  1,3 ,5 ,..
Vn 4V dc 4V dc
In   
Zn n Z n n R 2  ( n 0 L ) 2 Amplitude of each current term in io(t)
2
 I 
Pn  I n2, rm s R   n  R Output power in rms
 2
V 4V d c
V o 1, rm s  n   0.9V dc Rms value of fundamental voltage
2 2

 (V n , rm s
) 2
V o2, rm s  V o21, rm s
TH Dv  n2
 THD of output voltage (%)
V o 1, rm s V o 1, rm s

 (I n , rm s
) 2
I o2, rm s  I o21, rm s
T H Di  n2
 THD of output current (%)
I o 1, rm s I o 1, rm s
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EXAMPLE
A square wave inverter has a dc source of 125V, an output frequency of 60Hz, and an RL series load
with R=20 and L=25mH. Determine:
a) an expression for load current
b) rms load current
c) average load current
V dc 125 L 25 m H T 1 / 60
a)   6.25 A.;     1.25 m s ;   13.33
R 20 R 20  2 1.25 m s
U sing Eq (8  8),
 1  e  13.33 
I m ax  6.25   13.33 
 6.25 A.
1 e 
I m in   I m ax   6.25 A.
U sing Eq. (8-5),
 6.25  12.5 e  t /.00125 for 0  t  8.33 m s


io  
  6.25  12.5 e  ( t 1 /120 ) /.00125 for 8.33 m s  t  16.7 m s
b ) U sing the first half-period,

1/120
  6.25  12.5 e 
1  t /.00125
2
I rms  dt  5.45 A.
120 0
R   5.25  20  594 W .
2 2
c ) P  I rms
P 594
Is    4.75 A.
V dc 125
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CONTROL SCHEME
• Square wave inverter has major disadvantage of low frequency
harmonic contents.
• One effective way to reduced the harmonic content is via the

control scheme.
• Pulse Width Modulator (PWM) is the common method of

controlling the inverter in order to achieved the goal of
sinusoidal output voltage.
• The output voltage is further more reshape into sinusoidal
voltage by using a low pass filter.
• PWM provide 2 advantages: reducing the filter requirement to

decrease harmonics and the control of the output voltage
amplitude.
• The disadvantages of PWM is the complex control circuit of the

switches and increasing switching losses.
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PULSE WIDTH MODULATION (PWM)

 Commonly used technique for controlling the power electronic
switches.
 To control the average voltage (current) fed to the load by varying

the turn on/off switches. The longer the switch is on, the higher the
output voltage at that particular time.
 Typical switching frequency varies from few kHz up to tenth of kHz

depending to the application.
 The duty cycle is the ratio of on-time over the whole switching
period.
 The conduction losses of the switch is reduced but the switching

losses is high.
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The sinusoidal input (reference) is compared to the triangular

(carrier) input.
The resulting comparison is the pulses that fed to the switch(s)
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If Vref > Vcarrier, Vpulse = logic ‘1’

If Vref < Vcarrier, Vpulse = logic ‘0’
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 Fourier series of the inverter output has a fundamental frequency which is
the same as the reference signal.
 Harmonics frequency exist at/around multiples of switching frequency.
 Frequency modulation ratio, mf is defined as the ratio of the carrier frequency
to the reference signal.
 If mf increase, the frequency which the harmonic occurs will increase but the
switching losses will also increase.
 The amplitude modulation, ma is defined as the ratio of the amplitudes of
reference and carrier signals.
 If ma ≤ 1, amplitude of fundamental output voltage is linearly proportional to
ma, provided Vdc is maintained constant.
f tri
mf =
f sin e
V m . referen ce V m , sin e
ma = =
V m , ca rrier V m , tri
V 1  m aV d c 0  ma  1
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BIPOLAR PULSE WIDTH MODULATION
S1 and S2 are ON when Vreference>Vcarrier (Vo = +Vdc)

S3 and S4 are ON when Vreference<Vcarrier (Vo = -Vdc)
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The mf is chosen to be an odd integer and the output exhibits odd symmetry.
∞

𝑉 𝑜 ( 𝑡 )=∑ 𝑉 𝑛 sin(𝑛 𝜔 0 𝑡)
𝑛=1
For kth pulse,

𝑇
2
𝑉 𝑛𝑘 = ∫ 𝑣 (𝑡 ) sin ( 𝑛 𝜔 𝑜 𝑡 ) 𝑑 (𝜔 0 𝑡)
𝜋0
𝛼𝑘 +𝛿 𝑘 𝛼 𝑘+ 1
2
¿ [ ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑐 sin ( 𝑛 𝜔 0 𝑡 ) 𝑑 ( 𝜔 0 𝑡 ) + ∫ −𝑉 𝑑𝑐 sin ( 𝑛 𝜔 0 𝑡 ) 𝑑 ( 𝜔 0 𝑡 ) ]
𝜋 𝛼 𝑘 𝛼 +𝛿 𝑘 𝑘
2Vdc
Vnk  cos nk  cos nk 1  2cos n  k  k   .
n
p
Vn = V
k=1
nk
34
S1
S2
S3
S4
vo
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UNIPOLAR PULSE WIDTH MODULATION
Switching requirement:
Vref > Vcarrier S1 ON va = Vdc
Vref < Vcarrier S4 ON va = 0
-Vref > Vcarrier S3 ON vb = Vdc
-Vref < Vcarrier S2 ON vb = 0
• Output is switched from high to zero / low to zero rather than high and low as in
bipolar switching.
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37

• 4 combinations of switch on-states and the corresponding voltage levels.
Switch on-states Terminal voltage, va Terminal voltage, vb Output voltage, vo
S1, S2 ON Vdc 0 Vdc
S4, S3 ON 0 Vdc -Vdc
S1, S3 ON Vdc Vdc 0
S4, S2 ON 0 0 0
• Square-wave switching scheme vs PWM switching scheme:

• Square-wave switching scheme control only the frequency of the inverter output.
Output magnitude is controlled by controlling the magnitude of input dc voltage
source. This require additional control system, which introduce complexity to the
inverter design. Moreover, this scheme contain significant value of low-order
harmonics (3rd, 5th, 7th and so on).
• PWM switching scheme allow control of magnitude and frequency of the output.
Input (dc side) to PWM inverter is uncontrolled. This results in harmonic voltage in
range of switching frequency and higher, which can easily filtered out by ac-filter.
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THREE PHASE INVERTER

• Normally used for high power applications.
• Also double with three single phase inverter (120o phase shift and 12 switches)
• Two method of control – 180o and 120o conduction
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SIX STEP INVERTER
• Called six step inverter because of the
six steps in the output waveform for
the line-to-neutral voltage.
• Each switch has a duty ratio of 50%.
• Switching action takes place every T/6
time interval (60o).
• No switch on the same leg are allow
to close at the same time.
• The instantaneous voltage are either
+Vdc or 0.
• The line-to-line voltage are either 4 𝑉 𝑑𝑐 𝜋
+Vdc,0, or –Vdc
𝑛,𝐿 =
𝑉 𝐿 | 𝑛𝜋 ( )|
cos 𝑛
6
• Harmonic frequencies are of order 6k
± 1 for k=1,2… 2𝑉 𝑑𝑐
• Even harmonic and third harmonic
also with multiple of third harmonic do
𝑛 , 𝐿 − 𝑁=
𝑉
| [
3𝑛 𝜋
2+ cos 𝑛
𝜋
3 ( )
−cos 𝑛
2𝜋
3 ( )]|
not exist due to the switching scheme.
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SIX STEP INVERTER
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THREE PHASE INVERTER 180o CONDUCTION

ON OFF
STATE STATE Van Vbn Vcn Vab Vbc Vca
SWITCH SWITCH
𝑉𝑠 −2𝑉𝑠 𝑉 𝑠
S1,S5,S6 S2,S3,S4
3
3 𝑉 𝑠 −𝑉
3 𝑠
0
S1,S2,S6 S3,S4,S5 2𝑉 𝑠 − 𝑉 𝑠 − 𝑉 𝑠 0
3 3 𝑉 𝑠
3
−𝑉 𝑠

S1,S2,S3 S4,S5,S6 𝑉𝑠 𝑉 𝑠 −2𝑉𝑠 0

3 3 3
𝑉 𝑠 −𝑉 𝑠

S2,S3,S4 S1,S5,S6 − 𝑉 𝑠 2𝑉 𝑠 − 𝑉 𝑠 0
3 3 −𝑉
3 𝑠 𝑉𝑠
S3,S4,S5 S1,S2,S6 −2𝑉𝑠 𝑉 𝑠 𝑉𝑠 0

3 3 𝑠
−𝑉
3
𝑉𝑠

S4,S5,S6 S1,S2,S3 − 𝑉 𝑠 − 𝑉 𝑠 2𝑉 𝑠 0
S1,S3,S5 S2,S4,S6
3
0 3
0
0 −𝑉
03 0 𝑠 𝑉 0 𝑠
S2,S4,S6 S1,S3,S5 0 0 0 0 0 0
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Mode 1 𝑅 3𝑅

𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅 +
𝑉𝑠
2
=
2𝑉 𝑠
2

𝑖 1=
𝑅𝑒𝑞
=
3𝑅
𝑉 𝑠𝑅 𝑉 𝑠

𝑣 𝑎𝑛 =𝑣 𝑐𝑛 =
2
=
− 2𝑉 𝑠
3

𝑣 𝑏𝑛 =− 𝑖 1=
3
Mode 2
𝑅 3𝑅

𝑉𝑠
2
=
2
2𝑉 𝑠
𝑖 2=

𝑅𝑒𝑞
=
3𝑅
− 𝑖2 𝑅 − 𝑉 𝑠

𝑣 𝑏𝑛 =𝑣 𝑐𝑛 =
2
=
−𝑉 𝑠
3

𝑣𝑎𝑛 =𝑖 2 𝑅 =
3
Mode 3
𝑅 3𝑅

𝑉𝑠
2
=
2𝑉𝑠
2
𝑖 3=

𝑅 𝑒𝑞
𝑖3 𝑅
=
3𝑅
𝑉𝑠

𝑣 𝑎𝑛 =𝑣 𝑏𝑛 =
2
=
3
−2 𝑉 𝑠

𝑣 =𝑖
𝑐𝑛 3 𝑅=
3
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Fourier Series
Line to line rms voltage is given by:
∞
4𝑉 𝑠 𝑛𝜋 𝜋
𝑉 𝑎𝑏 = ( ) 2
∑ 𝑛 𝜋 sin 3 sin 𝑛 𝜔𝑡 + 6
√
2𝜋

𝑛=1,3,5 ,..
∞
4𝑉 𝑠 𝑛 𝜋 𝜋
𝑉 𝐿=
√ 2
2𝜋 0
3
∫ 𝑉 𝑑 (𝜔𝑡 ) ¿
3
𝑠 𝑉 𝑠 =0.8165 𝑉 𝑠
2
𝑉 = 4𝑉 𝑠 𝑛 𝜋 , 𝑉 =0.7797 𝑉
𝑏𝑐 ∑ 𝑛𝜋 sin 3 sin 𝑛 𝜔𝑡 − 2
𝑛 =1,3,5, ..
( ) 𝑉 𝐿𝑛=
√2 𝑛 𝜋
sin
3
𝐿1 𝑠
∞
4 𝑉𝑠 𝑛 𝜋 7𝜋 Line to neutral rms voltage is given by:
𝑉 =
𝑐𝑎 ∑ 𝑛𝜋 sin 3 sin 𝑛 𝜔𝑡 − 6
𝑛=1,3,5,..
( ) 𝑉 𝑝 =
𝑉𝐿
=
√2 𝑉 𝑠
3
=0.4714 𝑉 𝑠
√3
For
Y-connected load, the phase voltage is with delay of 30 with respect to . Therefore,
o
the instantaneous line-to-line voltages (for a Y connected load) are:

∞
𝑉 = 4𝑉𝑠 𝑛𝜋
𝑎𝑁 ∑ sin sin ( 𝑛 𝜔 𝑡 ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛=1,3,5..
𝑛=1 √3 𝑛 𝜋 3
∞
𝑉 = 4 𝑉 𝑠 sin 𝑛 𝜋 sin 𝑛 𝜔𝑡 − 2 𝜋 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛=1,3,5. .
𝑏𝑁 ∑
𝑛=1
∞
𝑛√3𝜋 3 3 ( )
4𝑉 𝑠 𝑛𝜋 4𝜋
𝑉 𝑐𝑁 =∑ sin sin 𝑛 𝜔𝑡 − ( )
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛=1,3,5..
𝑛=1 𝑛 √ 3 𝜋 3 3
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On
Off State Van Vbn Vcn Vab Vbc Vca
State
Switch
Switch
𝑉𝑠 −𝑉𝑠 −𝑉𝑠 −𝑉𝑠
S1,S6 S2,S3,S4,S5

2 2
0 𝑉𝑠

2
2
S3,S4,S5,S6 𝑉𝑠 −𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑠
S1,S2

2 0 2 2
2
−𝑉 𝑠
𝑉𝑠 −𝑉𝑠 −𝑉𝑠 −𝑉𝑠
S2,S3 S1,S4,S5,S6 0

2 2 2
𝑉 𝑠

2
−𝑉𝑠 𝑉
S3,S4 S1,S2,S5,S6

𝑉𝑠 0 −𝑉 𝑠 𝑠 𝑉 𝑠
2
2 2 2
S4,S5 S1,S2,S3,S6 −𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑠 −𝑉𝑠 −𝑉𝑠
2
0
2 2 2
𝑉𝑠

S5,S6 S1,S2,S3,S4 0 −𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑠 𝑉
2 2 2
−𝑉 𝑠 𝑠

2
• Each switch conducts for 120o.
• Only 2 switches ON at any instant of time.
• Conduction sequence of switches is 61, 12, 23,
34, 45 and 56.
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Mode 1
𝑅𝑒𝑞 =𝑅 +𝑅=2 𝑅
𝑉 𝑉
𝑅 =2𝑅
𝑠 𝑠
1𝑖 =
𝑒𝑞
𝑉
𝑣 =
𝑎𝑛
𝑠
2 −𝑉
𝑣 𝑐𝑛 =0
𝑠
𝑣 =− 𝑖 𝑅 =
𝑏𝑛 1
2

Mode 2
𝑉 𝑉
𝑅 =2𝑅
𝑠 𝑠
𝑖 =
2
𝑒𝑞
𝑉
𝑣 𝑏𝑛 =0
𝑠
𝑣 =𝑖 𝑅 =
𝑎𝑛 2
2
𝑣 =− 𝑖 𝑅=
−𝑉 𝑠
𝑐𝑛 2
2
Mode 3
𝑉 𝑉
𝑅 =2𝑅
𝑠 𝑠
𝑖 =
3
𝑒𝑞
𝑣 𝑎𝑛 =0 𝑉
=𝑖 𝑅 =

𝑠
𝑣
𝑏𝑛 3
2
−𝑉
𝑣 =− 𝑖 𝑅=
𝑠
𝑐𝑛 3
2
Engineering
46

Fourier Series
Line to neutral voltages: ∞
2𝑉 𝑠 𝑛𝜋 𝜋
𝑉 𝑎𝑛 = ∑ 𝑛 𝜋 sin 3 sin 𝑛 𝜔 𝑡+ 6 ( )
𝑛=1,3,5
∞ ,..
𝑉 = 2𝑉 𝑠 𝑛𝜋 𝜋
𝑏𝑛 ∑
𝑛=1,3,5 ,.. 𝑛𝜋
∞
sin
3
sin 𝑛( )
𝜔 𝑡 −
2
𝑉 = 2𝑉 𝑠 𝑛 𝜋 7𝜋
𝑐𝑛 ∑ 𝑛 𝜋 sin 3 sin 𝑛 𝜔𝑡 − 6
𝑛=1,3,5,..
( )
The
line a-to-b voltage is with a phase advance of 30o. Therefore, the
instantaneous line-to-line voltages (for a Y connected load) are:
∞
𝑉 = 2 √3 𝑉 𝑠 sin 𝑛 𝜋 sin 𝑛 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜋 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛=1,3,5..
𝑎𝑏 ∑
𝑛=1
∞
𝑛𝜋 3 3 ( )
𝑉 = 2 √ 3 𝑉 𝑠 sin 𝑛 𝜋 sin 𝑛 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜋 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛=1,3,5. .
𝑏𝑐 ∑
𝑛 =1
∞
𝑛𝜋 3 3 ( )
𝑉 = 2 √ 3 𝑉 𝑠 sin 𝑛 𝜋 sin 𝑛 ( 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜋 ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛=1,3,5. .
𝑐𝑎 ∑
𝑛 =1 𝑛𝜋 3
47

• Fundamental rms line-to-neutral voltage for 120 o conduction is given by:
VP1  0.3898Vs
• Fundamental rms line-to-line voltage for 120o conduction is given by:
VL1  3VP1  0.6753Vs

Comparison between 180 and 120 conduction mode operation:
• Since one switch conducts for 120o, these switches are less utilized as compared to
180o conduction for the same load conditions.
• Therefore, 180o conduction is preferred and it is generally used in three-phase
inverters.
• The design of an inverter requires the determination of average, rms, and peak
currents of the switching devices (IGBT, MOSFET, etc..) and diodes.
48
THREE-PHASE INVERTER – Sinusoidal PWM

Scheme
• Similar to PWM for single-phase inverter, the advantages of PWM scheme are it
reduced filter requirements for harmonic elimination and the controllability of the
amplitude of the fundamental frequency.
• Generation of PWM gating signal is done by comparing 3 reference signals with a high
frequency carrier signal to generate the on and off periods of PWM output signals.
Each reference signal is shifted by 120o to produce a balanced three-phase output.
• The switching must satisfy the following conditions:

• S1 is ON when va > vcarrier
• S2 is ON when vc > vcarrier
• S3 is ON when vb > vcarrier
• S4 is ON when va < vcarrier
• S5 is ON when vc < vcarrier
• S6 is ON when vb < vcarrier
49
THREE-PHASE INVERTER – Sinusoidal PWM Scheme

v vcr vma Vˆcr vmb Vˆm vmc
0 ωt
π 2π
vAN
+½Vdc
ωt
-½Vdc
vBN
+½Vdc
ωt
-½Vdc
vAB
+Vdc
π ωt
2π
-Vdc
50
THREE-PHASE INVERTER – Sinusoidal PWM

Scheme
Line-to-line voltage Output voltage
Modulation of the three phase VSI using

SPWM and sample of open-loop experimental
waveforms (Vdc=100V, ma=0.8 and
fsw=2000Hz).
Output current
51
CONCLUSION
• Inverter can provide single-phase and three-phase ac voltages from a fixed
or variable dc voltage.
• Half-bridge single phase inverter is very simple in operation, however this
configuration unable to control the output voltage by varying the switching
sequence.
• Full-bridge single-phase inverter employs 4 switches in parallel with diode
that conduct alternately to produce an output voltage using square-wave
switching scheme or PWM switching scheme (unipolar and bipolar PWM).
These switching schemes also imposed in three-phase inverter.
• PWM switching scheme able to control the amplitude of the output voltage
and frequency with reduced total harmonic distortion (THD) and better
quality of the output waveshapes as compared to square-wave switching
scheme.
• The selection of switching frequency and ac filtering are the important
criteria in ensuring the inverter designs have minimal losses, good efficiency
and provide effective performance in steady-state and dynamic operation.

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• Basically, there are 2 common type of sources, DC and AC

• Use dc source to produce symmetrical ac output voltages of

What can you conclude from the circuits?

• Some renewable energy sources produces DC voltage that needed to be changed to

2.1 Single Phase Half-bridge Inverter – Circuit topology

2.1 Single Phase Half-bridge Inverter - Operation

2.1 Single Phase Half-bridge Inverter - Operation

2.1 Single Phase Half-bridge Inverter - Operation

Output voltage Switch states Power path

Fundamental output voltage in rms:

Limitation of half-bridge configuration is that varying the switching frequency cannot

S1 & S2 on, S3 & S4 off

2.2 Full Bridge Single-phase Inverter - Circuit Operation

• S1 and S2 are turned on

2.2 Full Bridge Single-phase Inverter - Waveforms

2.2 Full Bridge Single-phase Inverter - Inductive Load

During S1 & S2 are off, but S3 & S4 not yet

S3 & S4 turned on, Vo = -Vdc .

S3 & S4 turned off, but S1 & S2 not yet

For inductive load, the current waveform

2.2 Full Bridge Single-phase Inverter - Inductive Load

2.2 Full Bridge Single-phase Inverter - Inductive Load

2.2 Full Bridge Single-phase Inverter - Inductive Load

2.2 Full Bridge Single-phase Inverter - Inductive Load

2.2 Full Bridge Single-phase Inverter - Analysis

2.2 Full Bridge Single-phase Inverter - Analysis – Continue

2.2 Full Bridge Single-phase Inverter - Fourier Analysis & THD

U sing Eq. (8-5),

 6.25  12.5 e  t /.00125 for 0  t  8.33 m s

b ) U sing the first half-period,

• One effective way to reduced the harmonic content is via the

• Pulse Width Modulator (PWM) is the common method of

• PWM provide 2 advantages: reducing the filter requirement to

• The disadvantages of PWM is the complex control circuit of the

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION (PWM)

 To control the average voltage (current) fed to the load by varying

 Typical switching frequency varies from few kHz up to tenth of kHz

 The conduction losses of the switch is reduced but the switching

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION (PWM)

The sinusoidal input (reference) is compared to the triangular

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION (PWM)

If Vref > Vcarrier, Vpulse = logic ‘1’

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION (PWM)

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION (PWM)

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION (PWM)

BIPOLAR PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

S1 and S2 are ON when Vreference>Vcarrier (Vo = +Vdc)

BIPOLAR PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

BIPOLAR PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

For kth pulse,

UNIPOLAR PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

UNIPOLAR PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

UNIPOLAR PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

• Square-wave switching scheme vs PWM switching scheme:

THREE PHASE INVERTER

THREE PHASE INVERTER

THREE PHASE INVERTER

THREE PHASE INVERTER 180o CONDUCTION

S3,S4,S5 S1,S2,S6 −2𝑉𝑠 𝑉 𝑠 𝑉𝑠 0

THREE PHASE INVERTER 180o CONDUCTION

THREE PHASE INVERTER 180o CONDUCTION

the instantaneous line-to-line voltages (for a Y connected load) are: