DISUSUN OLEH :

1. M A YA F U J I YA N T I
2. DEFINA
3. R I S M A YA N T I W I D I YA N I N G S I H
 NORMAL VITAL SIGN

Vital signs are used to measure the body’s basic function. These measurements are
taken to help assess the general physical health of a person, give clues to possible
diseases, and show progress toward recovery.
 A. TEMPERATURE

The average normal core temperature is gcncrally considered to be between

98.0°F (36.6°C) and 98.6°F (37°C) when measured orally and about 1°F higher
when measured rectally The normal body temperature of a person varies
depending on gender, recent activity,food and fluid consumption time of day,
and, in women, the stage of the menstrualcycle. Normal body temperature can
range from 97.8” F (36.5 C) to 99°F (37.2°C) for a healthy adult. A person’s
body temperature can be taken in any of the following ways:
• Orally, Temperature can be taken by mouth using either the classic
glassthermometer, or the more modern digital thermometers that use an
clectronic probeto measure body temperalure.
• Rectally, Temperatures taken rectally (using a glass or digital thermometer) tend
tobe 0.5°F to 0.7°F higher than when taken by mouth.
• Arm Pit (Axillary), Temperatures can be taken under the arm using a glass or
digital thermometer. Temperatures taken by this route tend to be 0.3°F to 0.4°F
lower than those temperatures taken by mouth.
• By Ear, A special thermometer can quickly measure the temperature of the car
drum, which rellects the body’s core temperature (the temperature of the internal
organs).
 B. PULSE

Contraction of the ventricles of the heart ejects blood into the arteries. The
force of the blood entering the aorta from the left ventricle causes stretching or
distention ofthe elastic aortic all. As the aorta first expands and then contracts,
a pulse wave is created that travels along the blood vessels. The pulse wave or
pulsation can be felt as a throh or tap where the arteries lie close to the skin
surface.
• Temporal, The temporal artery courses across the temporal bune of the skull.The pulsation of the
temporal artery is most easily palpated just in front of the1upper part of the ear. CAROTID.
• Apical, The contraction or beating of the heart ventricles also can be palpatedwith the hand or
auscultated with a stethoscope placed over the area of the leftventricle.
• Brachal, The brachial artery lies between the groove of the biceps andtriceps muscles in the inner
aspect of the upper arm.
• Radial, The radial artery is the site most commonly assessed in the clinicalsetting. The radial pulse is
palpaled on the thurnb side of the inner aspect of thewrist.
• Femoral, The femoral pulse is palpated in the anterior, medial aspect of the thigh, just below the
inguinal ligament, about halfway between the anterior superior iliac spine and the symphysis pubis.
• Popliteal, The popliteal pulsc is palpable hchind the knee in the latcralaspect
of the popliteal lossa (the hollow urea at the back of the knee joint). Thepulse
is best assessed with the knee flexed and the leg relaxed. The client may
besupine or prone.
• Pedal, The pedal pulse or dorsalis pedis pulse can be felt on he dorsal
aspectof the foot (the area of the foot that is on top in a standing position).
The pulse ispalpated lateral to the tendonthat runs from the great toe toward
the unkle. The dorsalis pedis pulse may becongenitally absent in some
clients.
• Posterior Tibial, The posterior tibial pulso is located behind the malleolus
(the rounded protuberance of bone) of the inner ankle. The pulse is palpated
by curving the fingertips over the bone
 C. RESPIRATION
Respiration is a term used to summarize two different but related processes:
cxtcrnal respiration and internal respiration. External respiration is the process
of taking oxygen into and eliminating carbon dioxide from the body. Internal
respiration relers to thc usc of oxygen, the production of carbon dioxide, and
the exchange of these gases between the cells and the blood.
1. Rate
2. Rhythm and Depth
3. Quality
 D. BLOOD PRESSURE

ABNORMALITIES
• Hypertension
• Hypotension
• Ortho static hypotension
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