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Integrated Therapeutics Iii
Integrated Therapeutics Iii
Disclaimer: This presentation contains information on the general principles of pain management. This presentation cannot account for
individual variation among patients and cannot be considered inclusive of all proper methods of care or exclusive of other treatments. It is
the responsibility of the treating physician, or health care provider, to determine the best course of treatment for the patient. Treat the
Pain and its partners assume no responsibility for any injury or damage to persons or property arising out of or related to any use of these
materials, or for any errors or omissions.
Objectives
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Background
http://www.who.int/cancer/palliative/painladder/en/ 3
WHO Analgesic Ladder: adults
Step 3
Strong opioid
Step 2 Step up if pain
Step up if pain Weak opioid persists Severe pain
or increases
Step 1 persists
or increases Moderate pain +/- non-opioid
Non-opioid
+/- adjuvant
Mild pain +/- non-opioid
+/- adjuvant
+/- adjuvant
• Mild pain - start with a non-opioid, for example with regular paracetamol or non-
steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), then move up steps if pain remains
uncontrolled
• Moderate - start with a weak opioid, for example, codeine or low-dose morphine
• Severe - start with a strong opioid, for example, morphine, to control pain early
• Adjuvants can be used at any step
Paracetamol
• Adult dose: 500mg-1g by mouth every 6 hours; maximum
daily dose 4g
• Note: Hepatoxicity can occur if more than the maximum dose
is given per day
• Paracetamol can be combined with an NSAID
Ibuprofen (NSAID)
• Adult dose: 400mg by mouth every 6-8 hours; maximum daily
dose 1.2g
• Give with food and avoid in asthmatic patients
• The maximum dosing limit should be lowered in patients with
liver impairment
Diclofenac (NSAID)
• Adult dose: 50mg by mouth every 8 hours; maximum daily
dose 150mg
• Give with food and avoid in asthmatic patients
NSAIDs can cause serious side effects, particularly after using for
more than 7-10 days
• Gastro-intestinal (GI) bleeding or renal toxicity
– If GI symptoms occur, stop and give H2 receptor antagonist.
e.g. Ranitidine
• Not for use in patients with renal failure
Tramadol
• Adult dose: 50-100mg by mouth every 4-6 hours
• Start with a regular dose and increase if no response (dose
limit: 400mg/day)
• Use with caution in epileptic cases, especially if patient is
taking other drugs that lower the seizure threshold
• May cause serotonin syndrome in patients on other
serotonergic medications
Codeine
• Adult dose: 30-60mg by mouth every 4 hours; maximum daily
dose 240mg
• If pain relief is not achieved with 240mg/day, move to strong
opioid
• Can be combined with Step 1 analgesic
• Give laxative to avoid constipation unless patient has
diarrhoea
• Genetic variability can lead to variable rates of metabolism
which may make codeine ineffective or lead to excessive side
effects
Low-dose morphine
• Some palliative care experts recommend using low-dose
morphine in step 2 because it is associated with fewer side
effects compared to other weak opioids
Morphine
• “Gold standard” against which other opioid analgesics are
measured
• When used correctly, patients don’t become dependent or
addicted, tolerance is uncommon, and respiratory depression
doesn’t usually occur
Morphine
• Adult starting dose: 2.5–20mg by mouth every 4 hours
depending on age, previous use of opiates, etc.
– Patients changing from regular administration of a Step 2
opioid: 10mg by mouth every 4 hours
– If the patient has experienced weight loss from sickness or
has not progressed onto Step 2 analgesics: 5mg by mouth
every 4 hours
– Frail or elderly patients: 2.5mg by mouth every 6 to 8
hours due to the likelihood of impaired renal function
Morphine
• Increase dose gradually until pain is controlled
• The correct morphine dose is the one that gives pain relief
without side effects: there is no ‘ceiling’ or maximum dose
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Practical Assessment
• African Palliative Care Association. Beating Pain: a pocketguide for pain management in
Africa, 2nd Ed. [Internet]. 2012. Available from:
http://www.africanpalliativecare.org/images/stories/pdf/beating_pain.pdf
• African Palliative Care Association. Using opioids to manage pain: a pocket guide for
health professionals in Africa [Internet]. 2010. Available from:
http://www.africanpalliativecare.org/images/stories/pdf/using_opiods.pdf
• Amery J, editor. Children’s Palliative Care in Africa [Internet]. 2009. Available from:
http://www.icpcn.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Childrens-Palliative-Care-in-Africa-
Full-Text.pdf
• Kopf A, Patel N, editors. Guide to Pain Management in Low-Resource Settings [Internet].
2010. Available from:
http://www.iasp-pain.org/files/Content/ContentFolders/Publications2/FreeBooks/
Guide_to_Pain_Management_in_Low-Resource_Settings.pdf
• The Palliative Care Association of Uganda and the Uganda Ministry of Health.
Introductory Palliative Care Course for Healthcare Professionals. 2013.
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