Quantum computing

WHAT IS QUANTUM
COMPUTING?

Quantum computing is a type of computation that harnesses the collective properties of

quantum states, such as superposition, interference, and entanglement to perform
calculations.
it is an area of study focused on the development of computer based technologies
centered around the principles of quantum theory.
Quantum computers are machines that use the properties of quantum physics to store data
and perform computations.
• The devices that perform quantum computations are known as
quantum computers, though current quantum computers are too
small to outperform classical computers for practical applications,
they are believed to be capable of solving certain computational
problems substantially faster than classical computers.
 HISTORY OF QUANTUM COMPUTING
• Quantum computers were proposed in the 1980s by Richard Feynman
and Yuri Manin.
• In other publication Quantum computing began in 1980 when physicist
Paul Benioff proposed a quantum mechanical model of the Turing
machine. Richard Feynman and Yuri Manin later suggested that a
quantum computer had the potential to simulate things a classical
computer could not feasibly do.
• In 1986 Feynman introduced an early version of the quantum circuit
notation. In 1994, Peter Shor developed a quantum algorithm for finding
the prime factors of an integer with the potential to decrypt RSA
encrypted communications.
• In 1998 Isaac Chuang, Neil Gershenfeld and Mark Kubinec created the
first two qubit quantum computer that could perform computations.
• We will see what qubit is very soon.
• On 23 October 2019, Google AI, in partnership with the U.S. National
Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), claimed to have
performed a quantum computation that was infeasible on any
classical computer.
 HOW DOES QUANTUM COMPUTING
WORK?
• To understand how quantum computers work, we must understand
the underlying principles upon which quantum computing is built.
That is, quantum mechanics.
• Quantum mechanics are the laws of physics that are applied to
elements in the quantum realm.
• The quantum realm is the area in which atoms and particles are at the
smallest size they can be.
• This size is typically around 100 nanometers or less. When observing
particles at that size, the particles defy the laws of classical physics
such that elements have the characteristics of particles and waves.
there are two main principles in quantum mechanics that
quantum computing is built off of and make it differ from
classical physics.
• Quantum superposition
Superposition is the feature in a quantum system such that an element can
exist in multiple states at the same time. The element’s final state is only set
once that element is measured.
the unobserved coin has the head face up and the tail face up simultaneously.
Entanglement
Entanglement is a phenomenon such that the quantum states of two or more
elements are in some way correlated to each other.
Meaning, entangled elements can be on completely different planets and will
still be connected.
 WHAT IS A QUBIT?
• Quantum bits or qubits are the basic units of information in a quantum
computer.
• A qubit is essentially the quantum version of a classic bit or transistor (used
in classical computing).
• Qubits make use of “superposition,” a quantum mechanical phenomenon
where some properties of subatomic particles such as the angle of
polarization of a photon are not defined for certain until they’re actually
measured.
• Quantum computers conduct calculations by manipulating qubits in a way
that affects these superimposed probabilities before making a measurement
to gain a final answer.
• A single qubit can’t do much, but quantum mechanics has another trick
up its sleeve. Through a delicate process called “entanglement,” it’s
possible to set qubits up such that their individual probabilities are
affected by the other qubits in the system.
• This is why quantum computers could eventually become much more
capable than their classical counterparts each additional qubit doubles
a quantum computer’s power.
• In 2019, Google used a 53 qubit quantum chip to outcompete classical
computers at solving a specially chosen mathematical problem the first
example of so called “quantum supremacy” over classical computers.
Types of quantum computers 

• UNIVERSAL QUANTUM COMPUTER

Universal quantum computers can be used to solve a wide range of problems. They can be
programmed to run quantum algorithms that make use of qubits’ special properties to speed up
calculations

• QUANTUM ANNEALER
Quantum annealing is well suited for solving optimization problems. They can quickly find the most
efficient configuration among many possible combinations of variables
Quantum computers vs quantum
simulators
 A quantum computer is a machine that combines the power of classical and quantum computing. The
current quantum computers correspond to a hybrid model: a classical computer that controls a quantum
processor.

 The development of quantum computers is still in the infancy of their development. The quantum hardware
and their maintenance are expensive, and most systems are located in universities and research labs
Quantum computers vs quantum
simulators cont.
• For the moment, the use of real quantum hardware is limited due to resources and
budget.

• In the meantime, quantum simulators serve to the purpose of running quantum

algorithms, making it easy to test and debug an algorithm

• Quantum simulators are software programs that run on classical computers and act
as the target machine for a program, making it possible to run and test quantum
programs in an environment that predicts how qubits will react to different operations.
How is quantum computing used across
industries
Quantum computing in healthcare
• PROTEINQURE 

• This could help speed up drug discover.

• Another area where quantum computing is going to help health care is

genome sequencing.

• Genome sequencing creates lots of data, meaning that analyzing a

person’s DNA requires a lot of computational power.

• But a powerful quantum computer could sift through this data much more
quickly, making genome sequencing more efficient and easier to scale
Quantum computing in finance

• Asset Pricing 

• Multi-Asset Trend Following Strategy

• Implied Volatility Estimation

• Monte Carlo simulations

• They could also help solve problems like risk optimization and fraud
detection.
Quantum computing in cybersecurity

• Powerful quantum computers threaten to break cryptography

techniques like RSA encryption that are commonly used today

• But several quantum computing companies are emerging to

counter this threat by developing new encryption methods

• post quantum cryptography

Quantum computing in artificial
intelligence
• Quantum computers’ abilities to parse through massive data sets,

• simulate complex models

• and quickly solve optimization problems have drawn attention for

applications within artificial intelligence

• Eventually, quantum computing may even help create AI systems

that act in a more human like way.
Quantum computing in logistics

• Quantum computers are good at optimization.

• Complex optimization problem that would take a supercomputer

thousands of years to solve could be handled by a quantum computer
in just a matter of minutes
• given the extreme complexities and variables involved in international
shipping routes and orchestrating supply chains, quantum computing
will help tackle daunting logistics challenges.
Quantum computing in manufacturing
and industrial design
• Quantum computing is also drawing interest from big players thinking about
manufacturing and industrial design.

• One example is Airbus a global aerospace corporation established a quantum

computing unit and is looking at is quantum annealing for digital modeling and
materials sciences.

• For instance, a quantum computer could filter through countless variables in just
a few hours to help determine the most efficient wing design for an airplane.
Quantum computing in national security

• Governments around the world are investing heavily in quantum

computing research initiatives

• Some of the areas are

• code breaking for spying

• running battlefield simulations

• and designing better materials for military vehicles.

Counterfeit money

• Counterfeit money causes financial damage to businesses and

individuals and harms economies.

• researchers have been able to create effective quantum technology that

can’t be replicated using the current technology
Quantum computing benefits
just general knowledge
• In 2019, Google said that it ran a calculation on a quantum computer in
just a few minutes that would take a classical computer 10,000 years to
complete.

• A little over a year later, a team based in China took this a step further,
claiming that it had performed a calculation in 200 seconds that would
take an ordinary computer 2.5B years 100 trillion times faster.
Quantum computing Challenges
• Qubit Quality: We need to make qubits that we will be able to generate useful instructions or gate operations for on

a large scale. In other words, after a certain number of instructions or operations, today's qubits produce the wrong

answer when we run calculations. The result we get can be indistinguishable from noise.

• Error Correction: Now, because qubits aren't quite good enough for the scale we need to implement error correction

algorithms that check and then correct for random qubit errors as they occur.

• Qubit Control: In order to implement complex algorithms, including error correction schemes, we need to prove that

we can control multiple qubits. That control must have low-latency on the order of 10's of nanoseconds. And it must

come from CMOS-based adaptive feedback control circuits.

• Finally Too Many Wires

Useful links

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing
 https://www.cbinsights.com/research/report/quantum-computin
g/
 https://www.cbinsights.com/research/quantum-computing-class
ical-computing-comparison-infographic/

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QuR969uMICM&t=1s