Figure 3.

1 Analysis of circuit loading: (a) A circuit in which the voltage across R5 is to be measured; (b) Equivalent circuit by Thévenin’s
theorem; (c) The circuit used to find the equivalent single resistance RAB.

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Figure 3.2 Analysis of circuit loading: (a) A circuit in which the current flowing in branch A-B of the circuit is to be measured; (b) The
circuit with all voltage sources represented by their approximately zero resistance; (c) Equivalent circuit by Thévenin’s theorem.

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Figure 3.3 Analog millivoltmeter mechanism.

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Figure 3.4 Block diagram for voltage measuring instrument.

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Figure 3.5 Block diagram of voltage measuring instrument with high-gain feedback.

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Figure 3.6 Signal filtering.

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Figure 3.7 Noise induced by coupling: (a) inductive coupling; (b) capacitive (electrostatic) coupling.

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Figure 3.8 Cancellation of induced noise.

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Figure 3.9 Circuit for Problems 3.3, 3.5 and 3.13.

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Figure 3.10 Circuit for Problems 3.9 and 3.12.

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Figure 3.11 Circuit for Problems 3.10 and 3.14.

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Figure 3.12 Circuit for Problem 3.15.

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