Chapter 4

Braking of Motor

08/15/22 1
• Braking of DC Motor

• Braking of Induction Motor

 What is Braking

Braking is a generic term used to describe a set of

operating conditions for electric drive systems.
It includes rapid stopping of the electric motor,
holding the motor shaft to a specific position,
maintaining the speed to a desired value, or
preventing the motor from over-speeding.
There are several forms of braking applicable to
virtually all types of motors. Generally, we can
group all braking methods into three types:

regenerative
dynamic
countercurrent braking
 Regenerative braking

Under given operating conditions, when the speed of

the dc machine exceeds its no-load speed, the
machine is in the regenerative braking mode.
Example of regenerative braking
Regenerative braking in second quadrant
 Dynamic braking

Dynamic braking is used to stop the motor by

dissipating its stored kinetic energy into a
resistive load.
Once the kinetic energy is totally dissipated,
the motor stops rotating if no external torque is
exerted.
Dynamic braking
 Countercurrent Braking

Effect of voltage sequence on direction of

rotation of airgap field
 PROBLEMS

An elevator consists of the cabin, motor,

counterweight, cables, and pulleys.
The elevator cabin is full and is moving
downward. The mass of the cabin plus
people is greater than the mass of the
counterweight. Explain the operation of the motor
in terms of energy transfer, and indicate the
speed-torque quadrant for this motion.
Braking of DC Motor
 Regenerative braking of dc shunt motors

Under given operating conditions, when the speed of

the dc machine exceeds its no-load speed, the
machine is in the regenerative braking mode.
Example of regenerative braking
Regenerative braking in second quadrant
Motor operation
Speed-torque characteristics under
regenerative braking
Motor operation at point 3
Back emf during regenerative braking
3.1
Example 4.1
A 440V dc shunt motor has a rated armature current of
76 A at a speed of 1000 rpm. The armature resistance of
the motor is 0.377Ωand the field resistance is 110Ω. The
load of the motor is bidirectional. Calculate the following:
a. No-load speed of the motor
b. Motor speed, where the armature current is 60 A
during regenerative braking
c. Developed torque during regenerative braking
d. Ea during regenerative braking
e. Power delivered by the source under normal motor
operation
f. Terminal current under regenerative braking
g. Generated power during regenerative braking
Solution

Speed-torque characteristic of the motor in

Example 4.1
Point 1 in the figure represents the motor operation at
rated current and 1000 rpm. During motor operation,

Ea  Vt  Ra I a  440  0.377  76  411 .35V

Ea Ea
K    3.93V sec
 2 n
60
a.The no-load speed of the motor is equal to the
terminal voltage divided by the field constant.

Vt 440
0    111 .96rad / sec
K 3.93

n0=1069.1 rpm
b. During regenerative braking (point 3), the
speed of the motor can be computed by
Equation
Vt Ra
3   T
2 l3
K ( K  )
n3=1124.1 rpm
c. The developed torque at point 3 is

Tl 3  KI a 3  3.93  60  235.8 Nm

d. The back emf at point 3 is

Ea 3  K3  3.93  117.72  462.64V

e. To calculate the terminal power, you must
calculate the terminal current. When the motor
operates at point 1, the terminal current is
440
I1  I a1  I f  76   80 A
110
The total power delivered by the source Ps is

Ps  I1Vt  80  440  35.2kW

f. While the motor is in the regenerative region at
point 3, the terminal current of the motor is

440
I 3  I a 3  I f  60   56 A
110
g. The generated power Pg is

Pg  Ea 3 I a 3  462.64  60  27.76kW
 Dynamic braking of dc shunt motors

Dynamic braking is used to stop the motor by

dissipating its stored kinetic energy into a
resistive load.
Once the kinetic energy is totally dissipated,
the motor stops rotating if no external torque is
exerted.
Dynamic braking
Speed-current characteristics under dynamic braking
Circuit for dynamic braking
Dynamic braking of gravitational torque load
Dynamic braking applied to a DC motor.
Assume the motor is
operating and the stop
button is pressed.
Starter coil M
deenergizes to open the
normally open M power
contact to the motor
armature.
At the same time, the
normally closed M
power contact closes to
complete a braking
circuit around
the armature through
the braking resistor,
which acts like a load.
The armature generates a
counter-emf voltage. This
counter emf causes
current to flow through
the resistor and armature.
The smaller the ohmic
value of the braking
resistor, the greater the
rate at which energy is
dissipated and the faster
the motor comes to rest.
Countercurrent braking of dc shunt motors

Countercurrent braking of the dc shunt motor is

done by two methods known as
plugging and
terminal voltage reversal (TVR).
 Plugging

Bidirectional speed
Plugging of dc, separately excited motor
3.3
Braking by terminal voltage reversal (TVR)

Armature circuit for TVR braking

Motor characteristics
3.4
Reduction of armature current during TVR braking
Effect of braking resistance during TVR braking
 Example 4.2

A dc motor has an armature resistance of 1Ω, and

KΦ=3Vsec. When the motor’s terminal voltage is
adjusted to 320V, the motor speed is 1000 rpm. A TVR
braking is applied. Calculate the value of the braking
resistance that would reduce the maximum braking
current to twice the rated current.
Solution

First, let us find normal operating current.

V1  Ea1 320  3  1000  9.55

Ia    6A
Ra 1
The braking current is twice the rated current.

I 3  I b  2 I a  12 A
At point 3,
 V1  Ea1  320  3  1000  9.55
Ib    12 A
Ra  Rb 1  Rb

Rb=51.8Ω
Effect of voltage reduction during TVR braking
TVR braking of unidirectional load
Example 4.3

A dc, separately excited motor has an armature

resistance of 0.5 Ω and a field constant KΦ=3 V
sec. The dc voltage source of the circuit is 200 V
The motor is driving a forklift whose torque is 180
Nm. A TVR braking is applied by switching the
terminal voltage of the motor to a 30 V reversed-
polarity dc supply. Calculate the new steady-state
speed and the armature current at the new speed.
Solution

since the load torque is constant, the new operating

point is in the fourth quadrant at point 5
V2 Tl
5   Ra 2
K ( K )
 30 180
5   0.5  20rad / sec
3 9
n5=-190.98 rpm
The current at point 5 is
V2  K5  30  3(20)
I5    60 A
Ra 0.5
Braking of induction motors

Regenerative Braking
Dynamic Braking

Countercurrent Braking
 Braking of induction motors

Regenerative Braking

Regenerative braking of induction machines

Braking of induction motors

Regenerative braking of reversible loads

Braking of induction motors

Regenerative braking during speed control

of a unidirectional load torque
 Braking of induction motors
Dynamic Braking

Winding arrangements during dynamic braking

 Braking of induction motors
Countercurrent Braking

Effect of voltage sequence on direction of

rotation of airgap field
Braking of induction motors

Induction motor characteristics

during countercurrent braking
Braking of induction motors

Plugging a motor to stop it

Braking of induction motors
Pressing the start
button closes and
seals in the forward
contactor. As a result,
the motor rotates in
the forward direction.
Braking of induction motors

The normally
closed auxiliary
contact F opens
the circuit to the
reverse contactor
coil.
Braking of induction motors

The forward
contact on the
speed switch
closes.
Braking of induction motors

Pressing the stop

button deenergizes
the forward
contactor.
Braking of induction motors
The reverse contactor
is energized, and the
motor is plugged.
Braking of induction motors

The motor speed

decreases to the
setting of the
speed switch, at
which point its
forward contact
opens and
deenergizes the
reverse contactor.
单选题 1分

A d.c motor runs steadily drawing an

armature current of 15 A. To develop the
same amount of torque at 20 A armature
current, flux should be:
A reduced by 25%

B increased by 25%

C reduced by 33%

D increased by 33%
提交
单选题 1分

A 200 V, 1000 rpm, d.c shunt motor has an

armature resistance of 0.8 Ω and found to
run from a 200 V supply steadily at 950 rpm
with a back emf of 190 V. The armature
current is:
A 237.5 A

B 10 A

C 250 A

D 12.5 A
提交
单选题 1分

A d.c 220 V, shunt motor has an armature

resistance of 1 Ω and a field circuit resistance of
150 Ω. While running steadily from 220 V
supply, its back emf is found to be 209 V. The
motor is drawing a line current of:
A 11 A

B 12.47 A

C 221.47 A

D 9.53 A
提交
单选题 1分

A 250 V, d.c shunt motor having negligible

armature resistance runs at 1000 rpm at
rated voltage. If the supply voltage is
reduced by 25%, new steady state speed of
the motor will be about:
A 750 rpm

B 250 rpm

C 1000 rpm

D 1250 rpm
提交