Introduction of computers

S.Kowsar
MCA
DEFINATION
• Computer is an electronic device . It accept the
data and produce the output according the user
instructions .
Example
1. Reservation of ticket

• Father of computer is Charles Babbage.

• Computers are invented by IBM (INDIAN
BUSSINESS MANAGEMENT)
Basic operations performed by computer
• INPUT : The process of entering data and instruction into the
computer is called inputting

• STORING : Saving data and instruction so that they are available

for initial or for additional processing when required is called
storing.

• PROCESSING : Performing arithmetic and logical operation on data

in order to convert them into useful information is called processing

• OUTPUTTING: The process of producing useful information or

results for the user such as a printed report or a visual display is
called outputting.
 CPU block diagram

CU(control unit)

Input
ALU(Arthamatic & logical unit) output devices
devices

Memory unit
CPU
• It perform all the functions in CPU
• Its control the all the input and output devices.
• CPU is a small computer is known as
microprocessor.
• Large computer may contain a number of
microprocessor one are more circuit board
• Each microprocessor in a large CPU performs a
specific task.
CPU
Memory and storage
Memory and storage
Word : a group of bits representing data or an instruction that form
the basic information unit of the computer is called a word

• It can be a length like length of 8,16,32,64 bits or more

• The size of the word depend upon the computer.

Word length : the number of bits that a computer can process at a time
in parallel is called word length . when we talk of a 32 bit computer
its mean that its word length is 32 bit

Registers : computers also have several additional storage location

called registers.
Storage
Handling disk/files
Magnetic disk
Magnetic disk are two types
1. Floppy disk
2.Hard disk

• Floppy disk: floppy disk are commonly used as secondary storage in PCS .
they also called diskettes
• Its made with an ultra thin plastic and coated with a magnetic,material and
enclosed in a protective jacket.
• These are called floppy since the disks are very thin and flexible
• It can be easily loaded or removed into or from a floppy disk drive. It is a
random access disk can be used for input and output operations .
• The speed of the floppy disk lies in the range of 300 to 360 revolutions per
minute
Floppy disk
Floppy disk
continued
Hard disk
continued
MEMORY
INPUT DEFINATION
Computer can be classified into 2
types
1.hardware
2.software
Software
software can be classified in to 2
types
1. application software
2.system software
• System Software
set of program written to
perform a specified
application.
APPLICATION SOFTWARE

• set of program written to perform a specified

application.
• These program are written by computer users for
the purpose of solving particular problem.
• Example: Examination Results , Printing
Electronic Bills, Payroll Processing, Solving
Mathematical Calculations
System software
• System software consist of one or more programs that are
basically designed to control the computer at a very basic level
• Examples: Operating
System,Asembler ,Compilers ,Interpreters and utilities
System software supports following
Running of other software
Communicating with peripheral devices such as printes ,disk
and tape devices.
Facilities the writing application software
Monitoring the use of various hardware resources such as
memory ,peripherals ,CPUS etc
Source and object program

• Program written in high level languages or low

level languages are called source.
• The source programs after getting translated
into the machine language are known as object
program.
Language translator
need of translator:
computer can understand only machine language.
To run the program written in other language ,we need to convert them into the machine language. such translator is done by system software program called translator
ASSEMBLER:
A Program which translates an assembly language program
into a machine language program is called an assembler.
The assembler reads all the instructions written using
mnemonics into binary codes and symbolic memory
addressing in to equivalent binary addressed.
Compilers and interpreters :
To run a program written in any high level language it has to be translated into machine language. Both interpreters and compilers are
used for the same purpose.
Compilers:
program translates a high level language program into a machine language program is called a compiler.
A compiler is more intelligent than an assembler.
It check all kinds of limits ,ranges ,errors etc.
the original high level language program is called source program.
The compiled program the machine language program generated by the compiler after translation is called object program
Continued…
• Each high level languages uses different instruction to do the same job
• Therefore a separate compiler is required for each high level language.
• That is , to execute both FORTRAN and COBOL programs, must have separate FORTRAN compiler
and COBOL compiler.
• A major difference between a high level language (translated by a compiler ) and a symbolic assembly
instruction(translated by an assembler) is that one high-level instruction is translated into many machine
language instructions.
INTERPRETORS:
An interpreter is a program which translates one statement of a high level languages program into
machine codes and executes it.
It reads the first instruction written in the program and convert that into the equivalent machine
language instructions.
INTERPRETERS
Then the cpu executes those machine language instructions.
After that , the interpreters reads and translates the next instruction and so on.
On the other hand the compiler translates the high level language program into
the machine language program before executing
A computer is very faster than an interpreter.
An interpreter is a smaller program as compared to the compiler.
It occupies less memory space.
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