Critical Thinking Collaboration, and

Writing Process
LESSON 2:
 Writing as Process

 The Pre-Writing Stage of The Writing

Process

 The Writing Stage of The Writing

Process

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 Writing is the process of using
symbols (Letters of the
Alphabet, Punctuation And
Spaces) To Communicate
Thoughts and ideas in a
Readable Form

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Donald M. Murray
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 Donald M. Murray Proposed
 That Educator should “Teach’’
writing as a process, not a
product”.

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 He proposed that writing
consists of more than just
drafting a paper but rather as
three stages that “Murray”
call, “Pre-writing, Writing and
Rewriting” (1972)

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  Olson (1999) agreed to the idea of
Murray that the conception of writing
as a process has very important
implications:
 “That writing ID first and foremost a
social activity: that the act of writing
can be a means of learning and
discovery (Olson 1999).

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The Pre-writing Stage
of the Writing Process

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Choosing a topic and limiting it

 Asking research questions and

establishing the significance of one’s
Research
 Composing A Thesis Statement
 Preparing Writing Outline
 Doing Research and Finding Credible
Sources
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  Pre-Writing Stage
-Everything that takes
place before the first
draft (MURRAY 1972)

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CHOOSING A TOPIC
AND LIMITING IT

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 Before you choose your topic
in a documented essay, You
must consider first doing
brainstorming exercises and
preliminary research to select
or before you choose your
topic

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 Once a topic has been
chosen, this should be
limited based on the type of
written output required.

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General topic: “The Tingi-tingi
System
 Specific Topic: “The cultural
significance of the Tingi-
tingi system in the twenty-
first century.

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 Asking research questions and
establishing the significance of
one’s research

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 The next helpful stage is to
barrage the specific topic with
questions, to come up with the
essay’s main research
question.

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Asking question such as
what who, when and
where will be more
helpful in figuring out the
background of your
study
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 For example:
 What does the Tingi-tingi system
mean? What is the nature of Tingi-
tingi system?
 Who exactly practices this?
 When did this practiced begin?
 Where is this practiced? In what
context?
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 Questions that ask how and why
are more likely to invite a deeper
research and lead to more
interesting answers

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 For example:
 Why is Tingi-tingi system a
prevalent practiced in Philippines?

 How did it develop? How was it

practiced in the past? How is it
practiced today?

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  If you already got the answers to
those questions the last and toucher
question will be the “So what”
question.
 For example
 What makes my research socially or
culturally significant?

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 Why is the continued use of the
Tingi-tingi system in Twenty-first
century Philippines significant?

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Composing a Thesis
Statement

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  The thesis statement is the
explicit statement of what will be
the paper’s central idea, point, or
argument. That is the main
assertion that will be supported
by the entire essay. It is also
essentially the tentative answer to
the research question.

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 Research question:
 Why is the continued use of the
Tingi-tingi system in twenty-first
century Philippines significant?

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Thesis statement:
 The continued use of the Tingi-tingi
system in twenty-first century
Philippines reflects a lack of change in
the economic situation of the
Philippines, As those from the many
poorer sectors of society are forced,
due to lack of available funds, to both
buy small and think in the short term.

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 According to Kim and Michael
Flachmann (2011)
-The thesis statement in a
contract between the writer
and his/her readers.

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 Preparing a Writing
Outline

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 Preparing a writing outline
-It is very helpful for students to
prepare a writing outline for any
type of essay, and particularly for
an academic documented one.
-An outline consists of three main
sections, The introduction, the
development, and the conclusion

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Doing Research and
Finding Credible
Sources

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 Writing is not only a social activity but a
collaborative one. Writing an academic
essay means adding one’s voice to the
conversation of other writers and
scholars. To do this, A writer needs
 To familiarize himself or herself with
this conversation; In other words, A
writer must first do research and gather
information from a wide variety of
sources available.
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The Writing Stage

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 The writing stage of the writing
process
-This is writing or “The act of
producing a first draft”, Which
Donald Murray (1972) says is the
“Fastest” Part of the writing
process taking up as little as 1% of
the writer’s time

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 According to educators Murray
Suid and Wanda Lincoln
(1989), Writing or drafting is
“Like making sketch for
painting; The painter doesn’t
worry about getting all the
lines perfect the first time”.

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The Rewriting Stage

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 The rewriting stage involves
researching, rethinking,
redesigning, rewriting, and finally,
line-by-line editing, The
demanding and satisfying process
of making every word right
(Murray 1972)

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Listening